Master this deck with 100 terms through effective study methods.
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-Fission -Budding -Fragmentation -Vegetative propagation -Parthenogenesis
whether an individual has both male and female reproductive systems (mon) or only one (di)
Oviparity: eggs hatch outside of body Ovovivpraity: eggs develop inside body Vivparity: live birth
A parent cell or organism divides itself into equal parts Binary results in two cells Multiple results in more than two cells
Occurs in unicellular and multicellular organisms Parent cell or organism divides into two unequal parts Small bud forms on the parent cell and breaks off to form new daughter cell
Only in Eukaryotes Fragments of the organism break off, forming new organisms
New plant grows from part of parent plan
-runners -bulbs -tubers -suckers/basal shoots/root sprouts
Only in animals Unfertilized egg develops into an individual Occurs in water fleas, wasps, bees, ants, some fish and lizards Most of these organisms can still reproduce sexually
Plasmogamy: Cytoplasm are fused, but nuclei have not fused Karyogamy: Nuclei fuse together, create zygote Meiosis
evolved via endosymbiosis where a host cell engulfed a prokaryote cell Traditional view that eukaryote engulfed aerobic prokaryote Alternative view that prokaryote engulfed facultative anaerobic prokaryote
can't survive without oxygen
can't survive in presence of oxygen
can grow without oxygen but will use oxygen if they can
small air pockets in plant tissue, allowing for exchange of gases from exposed parts of plant to reach the submerged parts
openings in leaves that allow for gas exchange
only animals <1mm diameter
use their skin as gas exchange surface, gases diffuse directly across the skin into the circulatory system
systems of tubes branching throughout the body to provide oxygen to all cells Used in insects Openings to traches called spiracles Trachea system separate to circulatory system
found in molluscs, annelids, crustaceans and fish Found in cavity or externally Highly branched and folded thin tissue filaments Many gills use a counter current system to gain oxygen and lose CO2
found in amphibians, birds, reptiles and mammals Amphibians have sac like lung Reptiles tend to be sac like, sometimes subdivided Mammals have branched lungs Bird have parallel series of tubes called parabronchi
Synthesise the food they require for life Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae
Unable to make their own food, must consume other sources Found in all domains and kingdoms, but are exclusively used by animalia and fungi
bacteria that synthesise their own organic molecules using oxidation of inorganic compounds
green plants, bacteria and algae that manufacture all their required organic molecules from simple inorganic molecules using photosynthesis
Carnivores Insectivores Herbivores Omnivores Scavengers (remains of food left by carnivores and herbivores) Detritivores (soil, leaf litter, other decaying matter)
Use H2S as a source of electrons Have bacteriochlorophylls instead of chloroplasts
Earliest oxygenic photoautotrophs Additional nutrients obtained via diffusion or osmosis from water
Require water to provide nutrients
Roots extract water and nutrients from soil Vascular tissue for transportation Water resistant coating Tissue for structural support Diversity of leaf type for photosynthesis
allows transport of sugars and water to larger areas, lignin prevents xylem cells from collapsing under pressure *both help to increase size*
engulfing items of food or prey
strain organic matter and food from water by passing the water over a specialised filtering structure
Used by Fungi Absorption of nutrients from the environment Hyphae (filamentous structures) grow through the substrates
all teeth are same shape (sharks, reptiles)
have a variety of tooth shapes (mammals)
removal of waste products by an organism
movement of material that has a specific task after leaving the organism
removal of unabsorbed food that has never been part of the body
located on outer surface of leaves, maintain water levels in the plant
found in freshwater invertebrates, function like the mammalian kidney removing waste materials
fluid filled so can be used as internal support Separates internal processes from gut Allows transport of fluids
Transpiration: gaseous waste and water excreted through stomata Guttation: drops of xylem sap gather on the tips of leaves Storing: organic waste stored in plant parts such as bark and leaves. Cells eventually die and fall off the plant Diffusion: Aquatic plants excrete metabolic wastes through diffusion, terrestrial plants excrete it into the soil
Kidneys: primary excretory organs of vertebrates Liver: important organ of excretion in vertebrates, breaks down many substances in the blood such as toxins
Ammonia: requires lots of water for excretion and is very toxic, but highly soluble Urea: less toxic and requires less water, but its synthesis is more complex and has a higher metabolic cost (4 ATP) Uric Acid: highly insoluble, non-toxic, excretion conserves water, but has a high metabolic cost (24 ATP) Guanine: insoluble, excreted with little water loss, high energy cost
Cilia: tiny hairs that cover the outside of the cell Used by species larger than those and faster than those that use flagellum Pseudopods: (false feet) move out in specific directions Flagella: longer hair like structure that is propelled around Evolved as a whip like appendage that protrudes from the cell body Primary function is locomotion
Active propulsion e.g. Jellyfish Move through the water by expanding and contracting their bell shaped bodies Assistance from muscles Energy efficient
Active propulsion Take in water through mouths and contract their body to push water through funnel to achieve propulsion Assistance from muscles Also walk on land Mantle and muscular foot Slugs and snails move by rythmic waves of muscular contraction
Marine worms: Free swimming + sedentary Have unjointed leg-like prapodia Earthworms: Mostly terrestrial (soil) React to vibrations
Cartilaginous Fish Large liver filled with low-density oil (30% of body) Cartilage lighter than bone Pectoral fins provide dynamic lift Bony fish Swim bladder for buoyancy Swim bladder Closely related to lungs Helps maintain buoyancy
Bones less dense Enlarged chest muscle Feathers System of air sacs in the body connecting to the lungs, allowing for higher oxygen extraction per breath
Big toe reduced Pelvis shortened Femur bends inwards, knee straightened Less robust upper arms
They have bones or hard structures It is quickly covered after it dies Remains are in an anoxic environment The chemistry of the environment doesn't dissolve the organism
Stratigraphy: used to order layers of rocker from older to more recent Index Fossils: fossils with a known date, used to date other unknown fossils if found together
Radiometric dating methods based on the decay of certain elements (carbon) can be used to date fossils
when evolutionary lineages undergo rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches
success of a genotype at producing new individuals relative to other genotypes Ratio of observed/expected genotypes Take this value and divide by ratio of highest ranking genotype Closer to 1 = more fit
relative fitness of most fit / relative fitness of next most fit Shows how much better of an advantage most fit genotype has
favours individuals one end of the distribution of phenotypes
favours individuals in the middle of the distribution of phenotypes
favours individuals at either end of the distribution
Combination of beneficial alleles Generation of novel genotypes Faster evolution Clearance of deleterious mutations
mate with individuals with same alleles
mating system in which multiple males mate with multiple females
one male pairs with one females
one female mates with multiple males
one male mates with multiple females
Allele frequency changes that are directionless
population goes through a severe reduction in size where only a few members survive
Smaller group from a large population creates a new distinct population
involves movement of genetic information from one population to another
Interbreeding of individuals from genetically distinct populations Offspring shows phenotypes of both parents, but often sterile
Pre-Mating Isolation: geographical, behavioural
Pre-Zygotic Isolation: different mating times etc Post-Zygotic Isolation: Inviable fertilized egg (usually in hybrids)
rapid increase in favourable allele frequency before disrupted by recombination
degree of disorder or randomness in a system
Not moving Not digesting In thermoneutral zone (not cold) Inactive Adult Not reproducing
Same as basal, but for reptiles. Only different condition is that it is at a known temperature
Includes all of the organisms activities Measured by injecting with 'weighted water'
Feeding Assimilation (digestion) Growth Maintenance Development (maturation Reproduction
Variable temperature
Constant Temperature
when mammal drops it body temperature to a lower level than normal
temp, humidity, sunlight, altitude, longitude, substrate
temporal/spatial variation in abundance of food, competitors, natural enemies, reproductive partners
Physical interacting between odour and receptor
Works well in aquatic environments e.g. shark can detect location of a fish based on electric signals
bacteria and many animals detect and respond to the magnetic field, allowing them to orient over long and short distances
web building spiders use vibrations to detect location of prey on the web
objects in space are located by direction sounds at them and detecting the echoes
an act or structure that influences the behaviour of other organisms (specifically evolved for this purpose)
incidental source of info that may influence the behaviour of the receiver (not evolved for this purpose)
Point mutation: single base changes Insertion/Deletion: DNA of varying sizes added or removed Frameshift: codons are read in different triplets Inversion: DNA flipped around
type of camouflage where the organism resembles an unimportant or uninteresting object (leaf, stick etc)
salticid spider has odour resembling green ants, allowing itself access to the nest where it can eat the ants
multiple species have similar anti-predator traits but no common ancestors
females can produce viable offspring with or without mating
organisms have reproductive organs of both sexes
Boundary Size Distribution Structure (sex ratio, age structure)
Locate plots across populations range Count all individuals within plots Estimate average density and expand to estimate entire population Detection rate can be use to adjust for species hard to spot