Physiology ppt 2

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    What is movement along a concentration gradient?

    Occurs from high to low concentration without energy.

    What defines movement against a concentration gradient?

    Requires energy, moving from low to high concentration.

    What is simple diffusion?

    Passive movement due to random thermal motion until equilibrium.

    How does distance affect diffusion rate?

    Diffusion is slower over long distances.

    What role do membranes play in diffusion?

    They act as barriers, slowing down the process.

    What types of molecules diffuse easily through the lipid bilayer?

    Nonpolar and lipophilic substances.

    What is the function of ion channels?

    Facilitate ion diffusion across membranes.

    What is membrane potential?

    Separation of electrical charge influencing ion movement.

    What are gated channels?

    Regulated channels that control ion movement.

    What is mediated transport?

    Used for polar or large molecules that can't diffuse.

    How do transporters differ from ion channels?

    Transporters undergo conformational changes and can saturate.

    What is facilitated diffusion?

    Movement from high to low concentration via a transporter.

    What is active transport?

    Moves substances against their gradient using energy.

    What is primary active transport?

    Directly uses ATP to move ions against gradients.

    What is secondary active transport?

    Uses an electrochemical gradient to move substances.

    What is osmosis?

    Net diffusion of water across a membrane.

    What is osmotic pressure?

    Ability of a solution to pull water.

    What happens in a hypotonic solution?

    Water moves into the cell, causing it to swell.

    What occurs in a hypertonic solution?

    Water moves out of the cell, leading to shrinkage.

    What is endocytosis?

    Movement of molecules into the cell via vesicles.

    What is exocytosis?

    Movement of molecules out of the cell via vesicles.

    What is the apical membrane?

    Faces a hollow or fluid-filled tube.

    What is the basolateral membrane?

    Faces a network of blood vessels.

    What is the transcellular pathway?

    Movement through epithelial cells across membranes.

    What is the paracellular pathway?

    Diffusion between adjacent epithelial cells.