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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
The arrangement of its electrons, especially valence electrons.
Average mass of an element's isotopes.
Mass number minus atomic number.
Dalton (Da).
Atoms share electrons.
Electrons are shared unequally between atoms.
Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions are weak; covalent bonds are strong.
Attractions between a partially positive hydrogen and an electronegative atom.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Joins molecules by removing water.
Breaks molecules apart by adding water.
Bonds that connect sugar molecules; alpha and beta describe bond orientation.
Central carbon with an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group.
The R group varies among amino acids.
Covalent bonds connecting amino acids.
Primary: amino acid sequence; Secondary: alpha helices and beta sheets; Tertiary: 3D shape; Quaternary: multiple polypeptide arrangement.
A phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; RNA: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine.
Saturated has no double bonds; unsaturated has one or more double bonds.
Main energy-carrying molecule made of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Four fused carbon rings.
Anabolism builds larger molecules; catabolism breaks them down.
Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
An organic molecule that assists enzyme function.
A non-protein helper needed by an enzyme, often an inorganic ion.
Where the substrate binds and the reaction occurs.
The molecule an enzyme acts on.
Competitive binds to the active site; noncompetitive binds elsewhere and alters enzyme shape.
End product inhibits an earlier enzyme to prevent excess production.