Master this deck with 66 terms through effective study methods.
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- biological molecule that performs work in living organisms - made up of/ monomer is amino acids
- when acted upon by a protein, this molecule glows in the night as a lightning bug moves -> helps attract mates and is a light-emitting chemical cpd in bioluminescance
- enzyme that regulates the chemical rxn of light production via luciferin
- called the chemistry of life - study of 1. the relationship between structure and fxn of biomolecules 2. chemical rxns of organisms (metabolism) 3. communication w/in and among organisms
- an element that an organism requires in large amounts - most common: C, O, N, S and H - also includes: Na, K, Ca, P, Cl
- elements required by an organism in only minute quantities - Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, W, Se and I
- type of bond structure - 180 deg bond angle
- type of bond structure - 120 deg bond angle
- type of bond structure - 107.5 deg bond angle
- type of bond structure - 109.5 deg bond angle
- critical to all living organisms - found in large quantities - holds the central spot, forming organic cpds that make up biomolecules - has four valence electrons so can form four bonds - superglue of the world - can form cyclical cpds, double and triple bonds
- branch of study focuses on the chemical + physical properties of carbon cpds
- field dealing with metals, minerals and other non-organic cpds
- long chains of carbons, make ordinary products such as plastic in milk jugs, cooking oil and even kevlar
- formed by carbon atoms that joined together in a closed chain - common in proteins, DNA, RNA and sugar cpds - advantageous b/c they're restricted in their movements and orientation so great for building structures and maintaining shape
- simplest C cpd - chemical formula: CH4 - condensed formula: CH4
- chemical formula: C2H6 - condensed formula: CH3CH3
- chemical formula: C3H8 - condensed formula: CH3CH2CH3
- chemical formula: C4H10 - condensed formula: CH3CH2CH2CH3
- chemical formula: C5H12 - condensed formula: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 - cpds larger than this only differ by the addition of a -CH2- group as the chains inc in size
a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds - Ex: methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane -> straight chain
- shows the elemental composition - ex: C4H10 (butane)
- show the elemental arrangement - C-H and C-C bonds are not shown but assumed, so the reader must fill in that information - CH3CH2CH2CH3 (butane)
- provides the most detail and highlights the connectivity of atoms - disadvantageous b/c it takes up more space and longer to write out than the chemical formula - also called kekule formula
- Most efficient method to show structure, but requires the most interpretation. - each of the ends of a line is a carbon atom with 3 Hs attached while at each bend or point in the line is a C bonded to 2 Hs
A specific configuration of atoms - make up the chemistry of the molecule and control the properties of the cpd. Ex: carbs = alcohol groups -> proteins = amine, benzene, carboxylic acid and thiol ex: acetic acid: found in vinegar and responsible for making it acidic and has a COOH group -> gives off chemical reactivity in the form of acid/base rxn that aren't possible for atoms containing only C and H -> the arrangement of the atoms changes the polarity b/c of the oxygen atoms present which cause the reactivity
= "rest of molecule", where any C-H (alkyl) group is attached. - Ex: acetic acid or CH3COOH but the fxnal group would be written as R-COOH
fxnal group: (H or) R on both >C=C< (H or) R on both - refer to picture - ex: propene
C triple bonded to C - the other bond on each side can be an (H or) R group - ex: acetylene
(R)-OH - oxygen with 4 valence electrons, bonded to a hydrogen and an R group - ex: methanol = H3C-OH
- Carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to H, leaving one bond for an R group - ex: cinnamaldehyde (taste of cinnamon)
R-NH2 - nitrogen bonded to two Hs or Rs and one R, leaving two valence electrons - ex: methylamine H3C-NH2
NH2-C=O - nitrogen is single bonded to C, and 2 Hs while C is double bonded to O and single bonded to an R group - ex: ethlyamide
- aka benzene ring - cylical 6-carbon ring with alternating double and single bonds - each carbon has a remaining single bond and can be filled with an H or R group - ex: methylbenzene
COOH - the C can be bonded to a R group - ex: acetic acid
C=O - carbon is also bonded to two R groups - ex: propanone
R-SH - sulfur bonded to a H and an R group -ex: ethanethiol
- molecules that are part of the cell or are excreted by the cell -> Ex: uric acid: is excreted into the bloostream of humans. When too much is produced, gout a painful condition can occur - come in all sizes -> water = H2O, 18g/mol -> uric acid = C5N4O3, 168 g/mol -> glucose = C6H12O6, 180g/mol -> hemoglobin = 65,000 g/mol (macromolecule) -> DNA = 100 mil-bil g/mol (macromolecule)
- energy currency of the cell - crucial energy molecule for living organisms - contains several functional groups, like phosphoryl
- large biomolecules, that have a molecular mass of 5000 g/mol or greater -> the unit dalton or Da is used to express mass for large molecules - Ex: protein = 25,000 g/mol or 25,000 Da, can also use kilodalton or kDa = 25 kDa - more efficient to use kDa instead of g/mol b/c less 0s
- are the single, smallest building block used to build macromolecules - link together in the cell to produce macromolecules - Ex: for proteins its one of the std 20 aas, for DNA and RNA it's nucleotides and for carbs it's a monosaccharide.
- monomers -> macromolecules -> supramolecular complexes - ex: aa -> protein -> protein DNA complex
- formed by the routine interaction of complexes of two or more macromolecules functioning in the cell - macromolecules in these complexes retain individual units but stick to one another to accomplish a task and then break apart once the job is complete - aka self assembling, due to naturally having complimentary structures w/ attraction btween the molecules -> this allows for molecular recognition and for the cellular process to continue.
1. Bacteria: live in soil, water, our intestines and skin 2. Archaea: live in extreme environments like hot springs and the ocean floor 3. Eurkarya: are eurkaryotes while 1 and 2 are prokaryotes
- bacteria and other single celled organisms - usually have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles - have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, proteins, and metabolites
- large, multicellular organisms, that have nuclei and membrane bound organelles - ex: algae, fungi, plants and animals - have segmentation of cellular space to allow for differing cellular fxns - contain: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear emembrane, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria and cytoskeleton -> plant cell specific have chloroplasts and cell wall
- acts as a barrier and seperates the inside of the cell from the outside world and contains cellular space where the processes of life occur - made of lipids and non-polar proteins, which makes it impermeable to water, ions and large molecules -> proteins make the membrane permiable to H2O, ions and other nutrients to be shuttled across the cell both in and out -> the semipermeable fxn allows cells to store, take up and use nutrients when needed and excrete waste as a part of normal cellular processes.
- the entire volume of the cell, made up of an aqueous solution, or cytosol and the suspended particles inside
- concentrated area made up of the bacterial chromosomes and its proteins - found in prokaryotic cells only - is w/in the cytoplasm but it allows for an assembly of biomolecules that takes up about 20% of cell volume - holds the complete set of genes for the organism, known as the genome
- are protein-RNA complexes that manufacture proteins for the cell -> located all throughout the cytoplasm and are randomly scattered to allow for the efficient manufacturing of proteins - are found in both pro and eu cells and in eu cells they are also attached to the outside of the rough ER - Ex: in bacteria, E. coli approx 27,000 ribosomes are present which takes up about 8% of cell volume. These are important supramolecular complexes
- do much of the work inside cells like transporting ions across the membrane, manipulating the chromosomes and even producing more proteins
- consist of small organic molecules which make up part of the remaining cell volume in prokaryotic cells and fxn to help the cell survive - give off a unique chemical signature and includes the intermediates in the production and break down of macromolecules, energy pathways and volatile molecules that give plants , for ex, a characteristic smell
- all of the metabolites in the cell, similar to the term genome
- found only in eu cells - small spaces that allow for specialized fxn - seperated from the rest of the cell by a double membrane
- exists only in eu cells, surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope which acts as a barrier for the chromosomes on the inside to the rest of the cell -> the nuclear membrane is also unique b/c it has proteins that permit essential ions and molecules to pass through for chromosomal processing - houses the entire genome of the cell
- fxns to synthesize and process proteins - has ribosomes attached which contribute to the texture - proteins synthesized here end up in an organelle or the plasma membrane -> is continuous with the nuclear envelope and smooth ER - found only in eu cells
- fxns to produce lipids which are used in the plasma membrane, are synthesized here and exported to specific sites -> also synthesizes phosopholipids for the plasma membrane and stores Ca^+2 ions that act as signals for a variety of activities - found in eu cells only
- typically receives the products from the rough ER prior to their final destination - referred to as a traffic cop of the cell by policing the products - also processes products on their journey - found in eu cells only
- single membrane, glob-like organelle that holds enzymes that "detoxify" dangerous/hazardous molecules to benign molecules that are now safe to the cell - Ex: in liver cells, this organelle degrades ethanol - found in eu cells only
- in eukaryotic animal cells only, this organelle acts as a digestive center - the pH is acidic (=5) here to promote degradation of macromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbs and nucleic acids), into smaller pieces -> each type of macromolecule has a set of enzymes or specialized proteins, that breakdown these molecules for reuse
- in eukaryotic plant, fungi and other organism's cells, this organelle replaces the lyosome in animal cells - have digestive enzymes like lysosomes but fxn mostly as a storage center -> store water, ions, pigments and proteins dependent on cell type -> storage fxn is so important that they take up majority of cell volume
- produce ATP required to build and maintain all organelles in the cell - have an outer and inner membrane: inner membrane and its interior contain the active site of ATP production -> once produced ATP is shuttled out for work - "powerhouse of the cell"
- converts into glucose ATP in a multistep rxn - C6H12O6 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP) - the 1st steps occur in the cytosol and these intermediates are transferred to the interior of the mitochondria where final energy production occurs
- convert sunlight -> chemical energy in eu plant cells - it's structure closely resembles the mitochondria
- fxns to keep the cell intact, exists in many fungi, algae and plant cells to provide extra support in addition to a plasma membrane - located on the outside of the cell membrane and provides a rigid structure for protection -> made up of fibers of carbs that run through a network of proteins and carbs, a supramolecular complex, which creates the tough exterior
- located on the inside of the cell as an extensive network of proteins that give the cell its shape and stability -> found in eu -> some portions help with cell mobility and can also move cellular materials, essentially organizing the organelles w/in the cell