3 Disposition of Toxicants (2)

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    What is ADME?

    It describes the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of substances.

    What happens during metabolism of xenobiotics?

    It increases water solubility for easier excretion.

    How do Phase I and Phase II reactions differ?

    Phase I involves modification, while Phase II involves conjugation.

    What is the role of cytochrome P450 in biotransformation?

    It catalyzes oxidation reactions to modify xenobiotics.

    What is bioactivation?

    It converts substances into reactive metabolites that can cause toxicity.

    What is the significance of genetic polymorphism in metabolism?

    It leads to variations in drug metabolism among individuals.

    What does the term 'bioavailability' refer to?

    It indicates the fraction of a dose that reaches systemic circulation.

    What is the difference between zero-order and first-order kinetics?

    Zero-order has a constant elimination rate, while first-order is proportional to concentration.

    What is the purpose of physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models?

    They predict the distribution and effects of substances based on biological processes.

    What is the therapeutic window?

    It defines the range between effective and toxic concentrations of a drug.

    What factors influence enzyme patterns in metabolism?

    Diet, smoking, drugs, and genetic differences can all affect enzyme activity.

    What is the consequence of reactive metabolites?

    They can bind to cellular macromolecules and cause toxicity.

    What is the main function of Phase II enzymes?

    They conjugate xenobiotics to enhance their excretion.

    What does toxicokinetics study?

    It examines how substances enter the body and their subsequent effects.

    What is the role of glutathione in detoxification?

    It conjugates with toxicants to facilitate their elimination.

    What happens if a xenobiotic is highly lipophilic?

    It may accumulate in fatty tissues, leading to prolonged effects.