PDF Notes: 4- Filtration

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    What is filtration?

    Separates solids from fluids using a porous material.

    What is clarification?

    Removes low concentration solids from fluids.

    What is a filter medium?

    Porous material that retains solids during filtration.

    What is a filter cake?

    Layer of deposited solids on the filter medium.

    What is the purpose of centrifugation?

    Separates fluids or collects solids from mixtures.

    How does depth straining differ from surface straining?

    Depth straining traps particles within the filter medium.

    What happens during cake filtration?

    A layer of solids forms on the filter, enhancing filtration.

    What drives the filtration process?

    Pressure difference across the filter medium.

    What is Darcy's Equation used for?

    Calculates the rate of fluid flow through a filter.

    How does viscosity affect filtration rate?

    Higher viscosity decreases the flow rate.

    What is the role of filter aids?

    Reduce resistance and prevent clogging in filtration.

    What is the difference between microfiltration and ultrafiltration?

    Microfiltration removes particulates; ultrafiltration separates molecules.

    What is the significance of filter integrity testing?

    Ensures filters are functioning properly and not leaking.

    What is the bubble point test?

    Measures the largest pore size in a filter membrane.

    What is the purpose of pre-coating in filtration?

    Forms a layer to prevent clogging of the filter medium.

    What are the characteristics of ideal filter media?

    Retention, low resistance, easy cake release, and stability.

    What is the main application of ultrafiltration?

    Concentration of heat-labile products like vaccines.

    What is the difference between batch and continuous filtration?

    Batch processes are done in discrete steps; continuous runs non-stop.

    What is the main advantage of vacuum filtration?

    Increases filtration speed by creating a pressure differential.

    What is the role of membrane filters in sterile operations?

    Clarify and sterilize heat-sensitive pharmaceutical solutions.