SUMMARY NOTES

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    Created by @moyi12

    What are the constituents of an atom?

    Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

    What defines atomic number?

    Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

    How do isotopes differ from each other?

    They have different numbers of neutrons.

    What is the function of a mass spectrometer?

    To separate ions based on mass-to-charge ratio.

    What is Bohr's atomic model?

    Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed paths.

    What happens during electron absorption?

    Electrons gain energy and move to higher energy levels.

    How does ionic bonding occur?

    Through the transfer of electrons between atoms.

    What is a covalent bond?

    A bond formed by the sharing of electrons.

    What distinguishes polar covalent bonds?

    Unequal sharing of electrons due to electronegativity differences.

    What is hybridization?

    Mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals.

    What influences physical properties across a period?

    Atomic size, ionization energy, and electronegativity.

    What is the reactivity trend in Group 1 elements?

    Reactivity increases down the group.

    What characterizes alkaline earth metals?

    They form basic oxides and hydroxides.

    What is the significance of the Haber process?

    It synthesizes ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

    How do halogens react with metals?

    They form ionic compounds by gaining electrons.

    What defines dynamic equilibrium?

    Rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal.

    What is the difference between strong and weak acids?

    Strong acids completely dissociate in solution.

    What is oxidation in redox reactions?

    Loss of electrons by a substance.

    What is the first law of thermodynamics?

    Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

    What are exothermic reactions?

    Reactions that release heat to the surroundings.

    What did Leucippus conclude about matter?

    There are ultimate particles that cannot be subdivided.

    What does the term 'atomos' mean?

    Indivisible building blocks of matter.

    What are the three main subatomic particles?

    Electrons, protons, and neutrons.

    How do protons and electrons affect atomic charge?

    Equal numbers make atoms electrically neutral.

    What determines an atom's identity?

    The number of protons in its nucleus.

    What was Dalton's contribution to atomic theory?

    He proposed that elements consist of indivisible atoms.

    What is a key limitation of Dalton's atomic theory?

    Atoms can transform into other elements under certain conditions.

    What did J.J. Thomson discover?

    The negatively charged electron.

    How did Thomson describe the structure of the atom?

    As a 'Plum Pudding Model' with electrons in a positive sea.

    What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment reveal?

    Most of an atom's mass is concentrated in a nucleus.

    What did Niels Bohr demonstrate about electron orbits?

    Electrons occupy quantized orbits and can jump between them.

    What principle did Heisenberg formulate?

    The uncertainty principle regarding position and velocity.

    What discovery did James Chadwick make?

    The neutron, a neutral particle in the nucleus.

    What is the significance of isotopes?

    They have the same protons but different neutrons.

    What was Otto Hahn's contribution to nuclear chemistry?

    He conducted the first nuclear fission reaction.