Unit 4 Notes 2

How does an increase in concentration affect equilibrium?

Drives reaction to produce more products to reduce added reactants.

How does an increase in pressure affect gas-phase equilibrium?

Shifts reaction toward side with fewer gas molecules due to collision frequency.

How does an increase in temperature affect chemical equilibrium?

Drives reaction away from heat-producing side to use added heat.

Define 'Sink' in the context of the Carbon Cycle.

Stores carbon, like oceans and living plants.

Define 'Source' in the context of the Carbon Cycle.

Releases carbon into the atmosphere, such as from factories and natural processes.

What is albedo?

Reflectivity of a surface, ranging from 0.0 to 1.0.

Compare high albedo to low albedo.

High albedo reflects most sunlight; low albedo absorbs most sunlight.

Name four prominent greenhouse gases.

Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, CFCs.

What are the general characteristics of acids?

Taste sour and can cause chemical burns.

What are the general characteristics of bases?

Feel slippery and can dissolve materials.

What ions are formed when water dissociates?

Hydroxide ion and Hydrogen ion (proton).

How do acids behave in a solution?

Donate H+ ions.

What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?

Strong acids completely dissociate; weak acids do not.

How do bases behave in a solution?

Accept H+ ions by releasing OH- ions.

What is the difference between a strong base and a weak base?

Strong bases completely dissociate; weak bases yield few OH- ions.

What determines acid and base strength notation using brackets?

Brackets represent concentration of H+ or OH- ions.

What is the scale of pH?

Runs from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.

What does it mean that the pH scale is logarithmic?

Each whole pH change represents a 10x change in acidity.

What is the baseline pH of the ocean?

Roughly 8.2, decreasing due to increased CO2.

What is the step-by-step pathway of ocean acidification?

CO2 increases, dissolves, forms carbonic acid, dissociates, lowers pH.

How does ocean acidification impact marine organisms with shells?

Depletes carbonate ions needed for shell formation.

What role does CO2 play as a buffer in the ocean?

Stabilizes pH by bonding with excess H+ ions.

How does ocean temperature affect CO2 solubility?

Solubility decreases as temperatures rise.

How do depth and pressure affect CO2 levels in the ocean?

Increased depth and pressure enhance gas solubility, raising acidity.