Master this deck with 135 terms through effective study methods.
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It is a selective barrier that maintains homeostasis.
It stores genetic information and regulates cell activities.
Eukaryotes have a nucleus; prokaryotes do not.
It allows for viewing live specimens.
It provides a medium for chemical reactions within the cell.
It is a specialized structure within a cell that performs specific functions.
It stores nutrients and waste products.
They digest waste materials and cellular debris.
It provides structural support and shape to the cell.
They synthesize proteins from amino acids.
It is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.
They conduct photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy.
They produce ATP through cellular respiration.
It provides protection and structural support to plant cells.
It forms the fundamental structure of cell membranes.
It allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.
It is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion requires transport proteins.
It is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
They are channel proteins that facilitate water transport.
It describes a solution with equal solute concentration to another solution.
Cells lose water and may shrivel.
Cells gain water and may burst.
It is the pressure required to prevent water movement across a membrane.
It is the movement of substances across a membrane without energy use.
Active transport requires energy to move substances against their gradient.
It is the process of taking substances into the cell by engulfing them.
It is the uptake of large particles or cells by engulfing them.
It is the process of expelling materials from the cell.
It is the capacity to do work or cause change.
Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell.
An organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.
An organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
It is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
It absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
It provides the energy needed to drive the reactions.
It is a molecule that absorbs specific wavelengths of light.
They are the site of the light-dependent reactions in chloroplasts.
It is the fluid-filled space in chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle occurs.
It acts as an electron carrier in photosynthesis.
Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
ATP and NADPH are used to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide.
It is a complex of proteins and pigments that captures light energy.
It is a series of proteins that transfer electrons and pump protons to create a gradient.
It is a difference in concentration across a membrane.
It is an enzyme that synthesizes ATP using the proton gradient.
It is the process that converts carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH.
It is a pathway that allows plants to fix carbon dioxide efficiently in hot conditions.
They open their stomata at night to minimize water loss.
It is the process of producing energy from chemical reactions, often in the absence of sunlight.
It is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
It is the process of converting glucose into usable energy in the form of ATP.
It requires oxygen to produce energy.
It occurs without oxygen and produces less energy than aerobic respiration.
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
It acts as an electron carrier, facilitating energy transfer.
It is a series of reactions that produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from acetyl-CoA.
It is the innermost compartment where the Krebs cycle occurs.
Electrons are transferred, leading to ATP production and water formation.
It is an anaerobic process that allows for energy production without oxygen.
It converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
It converts sugars into lactic acid, often occurring in muscle cells.
It is the end product of glycolysis and a key intermediate in cellular respiration.
They are unicellular organisms without a nucleus.
They are organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus.
It is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
It involves a single parent producing genetically identical offspring.
It involves two parents contributing genetic material to produce diverse offspring.
They carry genetic information in the form of DNA.
It is the relaxed form of DNA found in the nucleus during interphase.
It is a method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where the cell divides into two.
It is the series of stages that a cell goes through to divide and replicate.
The cell grows and prepares for division.
The cell's chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
It is the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate cells.
Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
Nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromosomes.
They are structures that help organize the mitotic spindle during cell division.
It is the region where sister chromatids are joined together.
It is one half of a duplicated chromosome.
They regulate the timing of the cell cycle events.
They are proteins that stimulate cell division and growth.
It is programmed cell death that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.
It results from uncontrolled cell division due to mutations.
It is a mass of abnormal cells that can be benign or malignant.
Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize.
It is an early stage of development in multicellular organisms.
It is a structure formed in the early development of mammals.
It is the process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.
They can develop into any cell type in the body.
They can develop into almost any cell type but not all.
They can develop into a limited range of cell types.
It is the study of heredity and variation in organisms.
It is the union of sperm and egg to form a zygote.
It is a characteristic that is inherited from parents.
They are offspring resulting from the cross of two different species or varieties.
They are segments of DNA that code for proteins.
They are different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific locus.
Some alleles are dominant and mask the expression of others.
It is the separation of alleles during gamete formation.
They are reproductive cells that carry half the genetic information.
It is the likelihood of a particular genetic outcome.
It describes an organism with two identical alleles for a trait.
It describes an organism with two different alleles for a trait.
It is the observable characteristics of an organism.
It is the genetic makeup of an organism.
It is a diagram used to predict genetic outcomes of a cross.
It is the random distribution of alleles during gamete formation.
It is a genetic situation where neither allele is completely dominant.
It is when both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed.
They are more than two alleles for a genetic trait.
It is a trait controlled by multiple genes.
They are pairs of chromosomes that have the same structure and gene sequence.
It describes a cell with two complete sets of chromosomes.
It describes a cell with one complete set of chromosomes.
It is the process of cell division that produces gametes.
It is a group of four chromatids formed during meiosis.
It is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
It is the fertilized egg that results from the union of sperm and egg.
It is the tendency of genes located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together.
It is a diagram that shows the relative positions of genes on a chromosome.
It is the process by which a cell takes up foreign DNA from its environment.
It is a virus that infects bacteria.
It is the molecule that carries genetic information.
It is the building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base.
It describes the opposite orientation of the two strands of DNA.
It is the twisted ladder structure of DNA.
It is the process of copying DNA before cell division.
They are the components of DNA that encode genetic information.
They are pairs of nitrogenous bases that connect the two strands of DNA.
They are part of the backbone of DNA and RNA.
It is the sugar component of DNA nucleotides.