PDF Notes: Cell structure notess

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    What is the function of pili in some bacteria?

    Aid in movement.

    What distinguishes chromosomal DNA from plasmid DNA?

    Chromosomal DNA is long coils, while plasmid DNA is small rings.

    What is the role of the slime capsule in some bacteria?

    Provides protection.

    How do flagella assist bacteria?

    Spin like a propeller for movement.

    What defines a specialised cell?

    Adapted sub-cellular structures for specific functions.

    What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells in the airways?

    Waft trapped mucus out of the throat.

    How do red blood cells transport oxygen?

    Store oxygen in haemoglobin.

    What adaptation allows red blood cells to absorb more oxygen?

    Biconcave shape increases surface area.

    What is the primary function of nerve cells?

    Carry electrical impulses.

    What adaptation helps sperm cells fertilise an egg?

    Acrosome contains enzymes to break down the egg membrane.

    What is the function of muscle cells?

    Contract and relax to move bones.

    What adaptation do egg cells have for embryo nutrition?

    Cytoplasm is full of nutrients.

    How do root hair cells absorb water?

    Larger surface area increases absorption.

    What is the function of palisade cells?

    Conduct photosynthesis.

    What adaptation do microvilli provide?

    Increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

    What is microscopy?

    Study of small objects using a microscope.

    What is the advantage of light microscopes?

    Can view living organisms.

    What is a limitation of light microscopes?

    Cannot magnify beyond 2000x.

    What distinguishes electron microscopes from light microscopes?

    Use electrons for higher magnification and resolution.

    What is the purpose of the eyepiece lens in a microscope?

    Magnifies the image for viewing.

    What is the function of the coarse focusing dial?

    Moves the stage to get the specimen into rough focus.

    What is the role of the diaphragm in a microscope?

    Adjusts light passing through the specimen.

    What is the first step in preparing a slide?

    Add a drop of water to the slide.

    What should be included when drawing observations of a specimen?

    Title, labels, and magnification.

    What is the total magnification formula?

    Eyepiece magnification plus objective magnification.

    What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    Prokaryotes have free DNA; eukaryotes have DNA in a nucleus.

    What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

    Chloroplasts, cell wall, and permanent vacuole.