attachment

What is it called when an infant and caregiver respond to other's signals to sustain interaction and take turns?

Reciprocity

What is it called when an infant and caregiver respond in time to sustain communication?

Interactional synchrony

Name Schaffer's stages in the development of attachment, and the ages at which they occur

Asocial stage: first few weeks Indiscriminate attachment: 2-7 months Specific attachment: around 7 months Multiple attachments: by 12 months

Identify the 3 key behaviours measured in the Strange Situation

Stranger anxiety Separation anxiety Response to reunion

Identify the 3 attachment types identified in the Strange Situation

Secure Insecure avoidant Insecure resistant

In the explanation of attachment in terms of classical conditioning, identify what each of these refers to: Unconditioned stimulus: Unconditioned response: Conditioned stimulus: Conditioned response:

Unconditioned stimulus: food Unconditioned response: pleasure Conditioned stimulus: mother Conditioned response: pleasure

Explain how operant conditioning may be involved in the development of attachment for infants

Infants: crying is positively reinforced by attention.

Explain how operant conditioning may be involved in the development of attachment for caregivers

Caregivers: attention is negatively reinforced by crying stopping

Identify the key finding of Lorenz's study of geese and the concept it demonstrates

Newly-hatched goslings attached to first moving object it sees, i.e., either the real mother or Lorenz Imprinting

Identify the key finding of Harlow's study of monkeys and the concept it demonstrates

Infant monkeys preferred a cloth-covered mother to a wire one regardless of which provided milk. Contact comfort

In Bowlby's theory of attachment, explain what is meant by 'monotropy'

Primary attachment is different and more important than others Most babies attach to one person first, usually mother

In Bowlby's theory of attachment, explain what is meant by 'critical period'

The period after birth in which babies are best adapted to form attachments. Before 6 months is best, but possible until 2 years

In Bowlby's theory of attachment, explain what is meant by 'internal working model'

Mental representation of the child's first attachment., which forms the basis for future relationships

Identify what type of relationships you would expect each attachment type to have in later life, based on the idea of the internal working model

Secure attachments => best relationships Insecure avoidant => avoid intimacy Insecure resistant => unpredictable, volatile relationships

Which aspect of a child's development is the father most likely to be involved in?

Play

Identify 3 key features of the method / procedure of van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg's study of attachment

* Cross- cultural * Meta- analysis * 32 studies using the Strange Situation

Identify 3 key findings of van IJzendoorn & Kroonenberg's study regarding cultural variation in attachment

* Secure most common in all cultures * Lower insecure resistant in Western / individualistic / 'modern' cultures, e.g., US & Europe * Higher insecure resistant in Eastern / collectivistic / traditional, e.g., Israel, Japan & China * Higher insecure avoidant in W. Germany

Explain what is involved in the process of maternal deprivation, according to Bowlby

* Prolonged separation from primary attachment figure * Involving lack of emotional care during critical period

Identify what Bowlby thought were the effects of maternal deprivation

Lack of (i) intellectual development (low IQ) (ii) emotional development (affectionless psychopathy).

Outline the findings of Bowlby's 44 thieves study (4)

* High rates of psychopathy in thieves who had extended separations from mother during critical period OR * Nearly all psychopaths had experienced separation

Outline the the central finding of studies of Romanian orphans

* Institutionalisation has large effects on intellectual and emotional development