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The admiration for nature as an ordered reality.
The original substance from which all reality emerged.
As a result of an intelligent design by a supernatural being.
A theoretical framework guiding scientific research.
Researchers explore possibilities within an accepted paradigm.
Accumulation of unresolved anomalies challenging the current paradigm.
A finite, eternal, and geocentric universe with no void.
It includes precise calculations of celestial positions.
It shifted the Earth's privileged position in the universe.
He defended it using empirical evidence and improved instruments.
They replaced circular orbits with elliptical ones.
The universe operates like a machine governed by mechanical laws.
Future states can be predicted if current conditions are known.
Irreversibility of physical processes and light behavior.
The theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.
They are relative magnitudes, not absolute.
Matter absorbs and emits energy in discrete packets called quanta.
Small changes in initial conditions can lead to vastly different outcomes.
Fragmentation into various theories for different realities.
Laws can only provide probabilities, not certainties.