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Includes hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia.
Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number, while hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size.
Excessive hormonal stimulation or chronic injury.
Increase in the size of cells, leading to enlarged tissue or organ.
Increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation.
Reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to decreased cell size and number.
Common during normal fetal development and aging.
Reversible change where one adult cell type is replaced by another.
Chronic persistent injury or irritation.
Localized area of tissue death followed by degradation and inflammation.
Includes coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid necrosis.
Preservation of tissue architecture with firm texture after cell death.
Transformation of dead cells into a liquid viscous mass.
Cheese-like appearance of necrotic material, often seen in tuberculosis.
Focal areas of fat destruction affecting adipose tissue.
Deposition of pink-staining proteinaceous material in tissue matrix.
Programmed cell death involving intrinsic enzymes that degrade cellular components.
Removal of excess cells during development and hormonal withdrawal.
Elimination of damaged or genetically altered cells.
Withdrawal of survival signals or cellular injury.
Cellular process of degrading dysfunctional components through lysosomes.
Includes microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and macroautophagy.
Unstable chemical compounds with unpaired electrons that can cause cellular damage.
Deposition of calcium salts in dead or degenerating tissue.
Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia.