PDF Notes: Cellular Response to Stress & Injury H

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    What are the types of Cellular Adaptations?

    Includes hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia.

    What is hyperplasia?

    Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.

    How does hyperplasia differ from hypertrophy?

    Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number, while hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size.

    What causes pathological hyperplasia?

    Excessive hormonal stimulation or chronic injury.

    What is hypertrophy?

    Increase in the size of cells, leading to enlarged tissue or organ.

    What are the causes of hypertrophy?

    Increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation.

    What is atrophy?

    Reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to decreased cell size and number.

    What causes physiological atrophy?

    Common during normal fetal development and aging.

    What is metaplasia?

    Reversible change where one adult cell type is replaced by another.

    What triggers metaplasia?

    Chronic persistent injury or irritation.

    What defines necrosis?

    Localized area of tissue death followed by degradation and inflammation.

    What are the types of necrosis?

    Includes coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, and fibrinoid necrosis.

    What is coagulative necrosis?

    Preservation of tissue architecture with firm texture after cell death.

    What is liquefactive necrosis?

    Transformation of dead cells into a liquid viscous mass.

    What is caseous necrosis?

    Cheese-like appearance of necrotic material, often seen in tuberculosis.

    What is fat necrosis?

    Focal areas of fat destruction affecting adipose tissue.

    What is fibrinoid necrosis?

    Deposition of pink-staining proteinaceous material in tissue matrix.

    What is apoptosis?

    Programmed cell death involving intrinsic enzymes that degrade cellular components.

    What are physiological causes of apoptosis?

    Removal of excess cells during development and hormonal withdrawal.

    What are pathological causes of apoptosis?

    Elimination of damaged or genetically altered cells.

    What initiates apoptosis?

    Withdrawal of survival signals or cellular injury.

    What is autophagy?

    Cellular process of degrading dysfunctional components through lysosomes.

    What are the types of autophagy?

    Includes microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and macroautophagy.

    What are free radicals?

    Unstable chemical compounds with unpaired electrons that can cause cellular damage.

    What is dystrophic calcification?

    Deposition of calcium salts in dead or degenerating tissue.

    What is metastatic calcification?

    Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia.