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It is shaped by recognition and power dynamics.
It determines which victims are seen as legitimate.
Harm that occurs through the justice system's processes.
Factors like trust and stigma that hinder victim reporting.
They create disparities in who is acknowledged as a victim.
It influences the recognition and legitimacy of victims.
Their experiences can be worsened by procedural hurdles.
They often do not address deeper structural inequalities.
It categorizes victims based on social judgment and acceptance.
It includes broader experiences of harm and suffering.
It is fluid, ambiguous, and contested.
Recognition processes determine who counts as a victim.
A victim who conforms to traits like weakness and innocence.
It creates a binary of good victims and bad offenders.
It operates as a hierarchy, privileging some over others.
Identifying patterns and factors in victimisation.
Victim-proneness, suggesting some are 'born victims.'
It can lead to victim-blaming and ignores power dynamics.
It is socially constructed and politically defined.
The harms caused by powerful entities.
Power, agency, and structure in understanding victimhood.
As gendered and socially produced.
It functions as a form of social control.
The central role of trauma in defining victimhood.
Through increasingly psychological frameworks.
It shapes policy unevenly and is often politically fragmented.
Victims are often instrumentalised for policy justification.
1. victimhood is socially constructed 2. The criminal justice system produces secondary victimisation/harm 3. Structural limits of reform / inequality
Core idea = no single definition --> contested and shaped by science, activism and policy Walklate (2023) describes it as "an interdisciplinary and sometimes contradictory field" Cressey (1985) as "a hodgepodge of ideas"
there is no clear definition - it is contested Oxford ED : "a person harmed, targeted or killed as a result of crime, accident or other event or action"
Recognition framework. Actual victim, non-victim, rejected victim, designated victim. Victimhood is not just harm - it is recognition which is NOT objective but shaped by social judgement.
crime as socially constructed system "weeds out the well to do" ie. links to power, inequality, selective victim recognition
Victimhood is not a fixed legal category - it is a contested, socially constructed status - shaped by power, recognition, and institutional definitions.