PDF Notes: Wk2_Microbiology_Basics_II_2026

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    What defines pathogenicity?

    It determines an organism's ability to cause disease.

    What is the difference between pathogenicity and virulence?

    Virulence measures the severity of the disease caused.

    What are virulence factors?

    They are characteristics that enhance a microorganism's disease-causing ability.

    What happens during colonization?

    Microorganisms establish themselves without invading tissue.

    How does infection differ from colonization?

    Infection involves tissue invasion and immune response.

    What is a carrier state?

    An infected host shows no symptoms but can transmit the pathogen.

    What characterizes an acute infection?

    It has a short but severe course.

    What is a latent infection?

    It remains asymptomatic for a long time but can reactivate.

    What defines a fulminant infection?

    It occurs suddenly with intense multiplication of the agent.

    What is a subclinical infection?

    It shows no clinical symptoms despite the presence of pathogens.

    What is the role of the first line of defense in the immune system?

    It provides external barriers to prevent pathogen entry.

    How do innate and adaptive immunity differ?

    Innate immunity is nonspecific, while adaptive immunity is specific and has memory.

    What are the two types of adaptive immune responses?

    Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses.

    What is the function of T cells in the immune response?

    They recognize and respond to specific antigens.

    What happens if a pathogen evades the host immune defenses?

    It can lead to successful infection and disease development.

    What are the main components of the second line of defense?

    Phagocytes, natural killer cells, and inflammation.