PDF Notes: cell physiology

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    What is cell differentiation?

    Cells become specialized for specific functions during development.

    What are the four main types of specialized cells?

    Muscle, nerve, epithelial, and connective-tissue cells.

    What is the basic unit of structure and function in the body?

    The cell.

    What are organelles?

    Sub-cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell.

    What is the plasma membrane?

    A lipid bilayer that encloses the cell and regulates communication.

    How do phospholipids arrange in water?

    They form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward.

    What role do proteins play in the plasma membrane?

    They provide structural support and facilitate transport.

    What is the function of mitochondria?

    They produce most of the cell's energy.

    What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    Rough ER has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis.

    What does the Golgi complex do?

    It synthesizes and packages molecules for secretion.

    What are lysosomes responsible for?

    They digest and break down various molecules.

    What is the cytoskeleton?

    A network of filaments that provides structure and support to the cell.

    What is the nucleus?

    The organelle that contains the cell's DNA.

    How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?

    Cancer cells divide uncontrollably and can spread to other areas.

    What are some risk factors for cancer?

    Radiation, chemicals, extreme pressure, and hormonal therapy.