renal

What is the primary challenge in diagnosing kidney disease?

Often requires lab tests or imaging studies.

How does acute kidney disease differ from chronic kidney disease?

Acute is sudden onset, while chronic develops over time.

What role does a physical exam play in renal pathology?

Guides the investigative process despite lab tests.

What is the renal hilum?

The entry point for renal artery, vein, and ureter.

What are renal pyramids?

Structures in the medulla that contain nephrons.

What is the significance of the renal pelvis?

Collects urine before it moves to the ureter.

What is the function of the fibrous capsule of the kidney?

Protects and maintains the shape of the kidney.

What happens if kidney disease is left untreated?

Can lead to severe complications or kidney failure.

What is the role of the ureter?

Transports urine from the kidney to the bladder.

What distinguishes the cortex from the medulla in the kidney?

Cortex contains renal corpuscles; medulla contains pyramids.

What stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow?

EPO produced by juxtaglomerular cells.

How does the kidney affect bone mineral density?

Converts inactive vitamin D3 to active form for calcium absorption.

What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Gradual, irreversible loss of kidney function.

What are common consequences of CKD?

Fluid overload, metabolic acidosis, and anemia.

What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in CKD?

Higher mortality rates associated with CKD.

Who is more likely to develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

African Americans, 3.7 times more likely.

What age group should be screened for CKD?

Individuals over 60 years old.

What lab tests are used to screen for CKD?

Renal panel and urinalysis.

What happens to calcium and phosphorus in CKD?

Impaired absorption and potential bone mineral disease.

What is the financial impact of CKD in the US?

Costs exceed $50 billion per year.