science

    Master this deck with 91 terms through effective study methods.

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    Created by @colettef31

    What defines a system?

    Interacting parts that form a whole.

    What is a subsystem?

    A system that is part of another system.

    What is input in a system?

    Energy, information, and matter entering the system.

    What is output in a system?

    Energy, information, and matter exiting the system.

    What does a system boundary define?

    The limits of the system to be studied.

    What is the goal of science?

    To ask and answer questions about the natural world.

    What is an investigative question?

    Sets the purpose of the experiment.

    What is a hypothesis?

    A prediction based on prior knowledge.

    What is a controlled variable?

    A factor kept the same in experiments.

    What is a manipulated variable?

    The factor purposely changed by the experimenter.

    What is a responding variable?

    The factor being measured and recorded.

    What is the goal of engineering?

    To apply scientific understanding to develop solutions.

    What are the three parts of engineering design?

    Define, develop solutions, optimize.

    What are constraints in design problems?

    Scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the environment.

    What is evaluated in design solutions?

    How well they meet criteria and constraints.

    What is the unit of measure for mass?

    Gram.

    What is the unit of measure for volume?

    Liter.

    What is the unit of measure for length?

    Meter.

    What is the unit of measure for weight?

    Newton.

    What does the prefix milli mean?

    1/1000 (0.001).

    What does the prefix centi mean?

    1/100 (0.01).

    What does the prefix deci mean?

    1/10 (0.1).

    What does the prefix deka mean?

    10.

    What does the prefix hecto mean?

    100.

    What does the prefix kilo mean?

    1000.

    When was the Earth formed?

    4.5 billion years ago.

    What is the rock cycle?

    The process of changing rocks over time.

    What characterizes metamorphic rocks?

    Changed by heat and pressure.

    What are sedimentary rocks made of?

    Compacted and cemented particles.

    How is igneous rock formed?

    When molten rock cools.

    What is weathering?

    Breaking down substances over time.

    What is erosion?

    Transportation of weathered particles.

    What drives weathering and erosion?

    Energy from the Sun and gravity.

    What drives melting and crystallization?

    Energy from the Earth’s interior.

    Where are most fossils found?

    In sedimentary rocks.

    What does the Law of Horizontality state?

    Layers of sediments are deposited horizontally.

    What does the Law of Superposition state?

    Newer rock strata sit on top of older strata.

    What does the Law of Crosscutting state?

    An igneous rock feature is younger than the rock it cuts across.

    What characterizes the crust?

    Cool, thin, and brittle upper part of the lithosphere.

    What is the mantle?

    A hot layer of rock with lithosphere and asthenosphere.

    What is the core made of?

    Dense metal split into outer (liquid) and inner (solid) regions.

    What is plate tectonics?

    Theory of continents and crust moving due to convection.

    What causes tectonic plates to move?

    Convection currents in the mantle.

    What is convection?

    Movement of liquid or gas due to temperature differences.

    What evidence shows tectonic plate movement?

    Landforms like volcanoes and earthquakes.

    How are Earth's resources distributed?

    Unevenly across the planet.

    What is the impact of human population growth?

    It affects Earth systems.

    What is the greenhouse effect?

    Traps heat in Earth's atmosphere.

    What is global climate change?

    Long-term change in weather patterns.

    What is weather?

    Temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation, and wind at a specific time.

    What is climate?

    Weather conditions characteristic of a region over time.

    How does the Sun transfer heat to Earth?

    Through radiation.

    Why does Earth's surface heat unevenly?

    Different substances absorb and retain heat at different rates.

    What is an air mass?

    A volume of air with uniform temperature and humidity.

    What is a front?

    Boundary between two air masses.

    What causes changes in pressure?

    Rising air creates low pressure; sinking air creates high pressure.

    What causes wind?

    Convection currents in the atmosphere.

    Where do clouds usually form?

    In lower pressure areas.

    What powers the water cycle?

    The sun and gravity.

    What is transpiration?

    Evaporation of water from plant leaves.

    What is evaporation?

    When a liquid changes to a gas.

    What is condensation?

    When a gas changes to a liquid.

    What is precipitation?

    Water falling from the air to Earth.

    What is sublimation?

    When a solid turns directly into a gas.

    What is deposition?

    When a gas turns directly into a solid.

    What is the Coriolis effect?

    Apparent deflection of moving objects due to Earth's rotation.

    What causes deep ocean currents?

    Density differences in water.

    What drives surface currents?

    Winds.

    How do oceans influence climate?

    By redistributing heat.

    What is El Niño?

    Warming of Pacific waters.

    What is La Niña?

    Cooling of Pacific waters.

    What is the role of the sun in seasons?

    Tilt of a planet’s axis relative to the Sun causes seasons.

    What is a day?

    When a planet completes one rotation on its axis.

    What is a year?

    When a planet makes one orbit around its star.

    What is the tilt of Earth's axis?

    23.5° from its orbit of the Sun.

    What is an equinox?

    When north and south poles are equal distance from the Sun.

    What is a solstice?

    When a pole is pointed most towards or away from the Sun.

    What is a moon?

    A rocky object that orbits a planet.

    How long does the moon take to orbit Earth?

    27.3 days.

    What is the lunar cycle duration?

    29.5 days.

    What causes moon phases?

    Visible illuminated portion of the moon.

    What does waxing mean?

    Right side lit of the moon.

    What does waning mean?

    Left side lit of the moon.

    What is the tilt of the moon's orbit?

    5°.

    What is a solar eclipse?

    When the moon blocks the sun.

    What is a lunar eclipse?

    When Earth blocks the sun.

    What is the penumbra?

    The outer shadow.

    What is the umbra?

    The inner shadow.

    What does AU stand for?

    Distance between Earth and Sun.

    What are the inner planets?

    Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.

    What characterizes inner planets?

    They are rocky (terrestrial).