PDF Notes: CHAPTER3Apr2026

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    What defines corruption?

    Misuse of public power for private benefit.

    What is bribery?

    Inducement for illegal or unethical actions.

    What are the elements of corruption?

    Bribe giver, recipient, and malicious intent.

    How does active bribery differ from passive bribery?

    Active involves offering a bribe; passive involves accepting one.

    What is mens rea in corruption?

    Malicious intent behind corrupt actions.

    What happens if there is no mens rea?

    The act may not be considered corruption.

    What is the Corruption Perception Index (CPI)?

    A metric measuring public perception of corruption.

    What is Malaysia's target for the CPI by 2033?

    To rank in the top 25 countries.

    What are some names for corruption in Malaysia?

    Duit minyak, makan suap, and bunga emas.

    What is the consequence of corruption on empires?

    Corruption has led to the collapse of major empires.

    What is the estimated annual loss due to corruption globally?

    USD 2.6 trillion.

    What mindset leads individuals to commit corruption?

    Ambition, greed, and fear of ostracism.

    How does leadership influence corruption?

    Leaders taking bribes can encourage similar behavior.

    What is the 'get away with murder' mindset?

    Belief that one can take bribes without consequences.

    What are the four corruption offences under the MACC Act 2009?

    Bribery, abuse of power, money laundering, and graft.