Periodicity

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    What arranges the elements in the Periodic Table?

    Elements are arranged by increasing proton number.

    What do elements in the same group have in common?

    They have the same number of outer electrons.

    How does atomic radius change along a period?

    Atomic radius decreases due to increased nuclear charge.

    What happens to atomic radius down a group?

    Atomic radius increases due to added electron shells.

    What is first ionisation energy?

    Minimum energy to remove one mole of electrons from gaseous atoms.

    How does first ionisation energy trend along a period?

    It increases due to decreasing atomic radius.

    What causes the decrease in first ionisation energy down a group?

    Increasing atomic radius and electron shielding.

    What indicates the group of an element based on ionisation energies?

    A large jump between successive ionisation energies.

    Why does boron have a lower first ionisation energy than expected?

    An electron is removed from a higher energy level.

    What destabilizes the ionisation energy of oxygen?

    Repulsion within the 2p orbital from paired electrons.

    What characterizes metallic bonding?

    A lattice of positive ions surrounded by delocalised electrons.

    How does the charge of positive ions affect metallic bonding strength?

    Greater charge leads to stronger attractive forces.

    What effect does atomic radius have on metallic bonding strength?

    Larger ions produce weaker attraction due to lower charge density.

    What causes metals to be good conductors?

    Delocalised electrons move freely, carrying charge.

    What property allows metals to be malleable?

    Uniform layers of positive ions can slide over each other.

    Why do metallic substances have high melting points?

    Strong electrostatic forces require significant energy to overcome.

    What distinguishes diamond from graphite?

    Diamond has a rigid structure with each carbon bonded to four others.

    How does graphite conduct electricity?

    Delocalised electrons move between layers of carbon atoms.

    What makes graphite a good lubricant?

    Weak van der Waals forces allow layers to slide easily.

    What is graphene?

    A single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern.

    How do melting points vary across Period 2 elements?

    They peak due to differences in bond strength and structure.

    What trend is observed in the melting points of Group 2 metals?

    Melting points increase with greater positive charge of ions.

    What happens to atomic radius in Group 2 metals down the group?

    It increases due to additional electron shells.

    Why does reactivity increase down Group 2?

    Increased shielding and atomic radius make outer electrons easier to lose.

    What do Group 2 metals produce when reacting with water?

    Metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas.

    How does magnesium react with steam compared to liquid water?

    The reaction is faster with steam due to extra energy.

    What do Group 2 metals form when reacting with chlorine?

    Metal chlorides, which are white precipitates.

    What is the result of Group 2 metals reacting with oxygen?

    They form metal oxides, often vigorously.