Master this deck with 80 terms through effective study methods.
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1.Dendrites - receive 2.Soma - cell body 3.Axon - transmit away 4.Myelin sheath - speeds up transmission, 5.Terminal buttons - end of axon; secrete neurotransmitters (6.Synapse - Point at which Neurons interconnect)
- Brainstem: regulates basic life function - Midbrain: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus (memory), amygdala (emotion) - Neocortex: all thoughts, perception, what makes us humans
brain's telephone operator - directs messages to the cortex and transmits replies to cerebellum/medulla
helps direct eating, drinking, sex, body temperature, and blood chemistry
regulates hormones
(Limbic system) memory
(Limbic system) fear and aggression
Vision (Back of the Brain)
Movements, executive function, morality (front of the brain)
Somatosensory, touch, pain (Higher middle part of brain)
Theta waves, a transition into sleep (1-7 minutes)
Sleep Spindles, harder to wake (15-20 minutes)
Theta and Delta waves, deeper sleep (5-15 minutes)
Delta waves only, deepest sleep (20-30 minutes)
Dreaming, Makes up the remaining 20% of sleep time, Brain waves recorded during REM are similar to those recorded when a person is awake, Muscles paralyzed
Dream theory that states the brainstem stimulates neurons to exercise them, Brain tries to make sense of random neural firing
Wish fulfillment (psychodynamic) - "Everyone is great in their dreams" Manifest content = what appears on the surface Latent content = hidden ideas that the dream experience represents symbolically
- Acquisition - Extinction - no longer respond - Spontaneous recovery - Generalization***- generalize to something that is similar (white rat>fuzzy white things) - Discrimination*- able to tell two things apart (microwave ding and door bell)
Positive reinforcement - Add pleasant/increase behavior. Negative reinforcement - Remove unpleasant/increase behavior. Positive punishment - Add unpleasant/decrease behavior. Negative punishment - Remove pleasant/decrease behavior.
Continuous - Reinforced every time Intermittent - Based on # of behaviors Interval - Based on elapsed time
Deviance - Does it violate societal norms Distress - Does it cause them personal distress? Dysfunction - Does it interfere with daily functioning? Danger - To themselves or others
Perpetual worry Behavioral therapy is effective for this
Obsessions - intrusions of unwanted thoughts Compulsions - urges to engage in rituals (Anxiety Disorder) - Behavioral therapy is effective for this
Occurs after traumatic event (Anxiety Disorder) - Behavioral therapy is effective for this
Irrational fears (Anxiety Disorder). - Behavioral therapy is effective for this
Marked by fluctuations between episodes of depression and mania (Mood Disorder) Drugs and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are effective for this.
Severe instability in emotion in self-concept. Impulsive and self destructive behavior. (Personality Disorder)
Seasonal Affective Disorder, Mood changes with seasons (Mood Disorder) - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is effective for this
Depressive episode that occurs within a month of childbirth. (Mood Disorder) - Cognitive therapy is effective for this - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is effective for this
Inability to recall important personal information or events. (Dissociative Disorder) - Med's and Cognitive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are effective
Thoughts and behaviors can be altered by systematic reward or punishment. Skills can be modified by systematic training. Good for Mood Disorders.
Widely used for depression. Therapists help clients identify negative thoughts and perceptions and guide them to apply alternative ways of thinking. Good for Depression.
Drug therapy - Psychotropic drugs - Drugs that primarily act on the brain by increasing or decreasing neurotransmitters Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - used to treat depression by sending electrical current through the brain
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
failing to notice changes in the environment
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which lights enters.
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.
the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The ___operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
The _______ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
he part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.