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It studies heat, work, and energy relationships.
Mass cannot cross its boundary, but energy can.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Heat engines convert heat to work; heat pumps transfer heat.
No temperature change occurs within the system.
They do not depend on the mass of the system.
The system remains close to equilibrium at all times.
Entropy in an isolated system always increases.
No mass or energy exchange with surroundings.
A characteristic that depends on the system's state.
Energy transfer through a force over a distance.
Energy transfer due to a temperature difference.
Temperature remains constant throughout the process.
They depend on the mass of the system.
A process where the system returns to its initial state.
Entropy approaches a minimum as temperature nears absolute zero.
Work is calculated as force times distance moved.
It establishes the basis for temperature measurement.
Isochoric maintains constant volume, while isobaric maintains constant pressure.
There is no heat interaction during the process.
It defines the relationship between pressure and volume in a polytropic process.
Energy is conserved; it cannot be created or destroyed.
It depends solely on temperature changes.
Net heat interaction equals net work interaction.
Energy of an isolated system remains constant.
It shows the net energy stored in a system during a process.
It does not address the feasibility of energy conversion processes.