PDF Notes: Pharmacology Study Guide Exam 3 (4)

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    What causes asthma?

    Irritants lead to airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

    What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?

    Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, chest tightness.

    How is asthma diagnosed?

    Based on patient history, physical exam, and pulmonary function tests.

    What is the mechanism of action of Fluticasone?

    Suppresses inflammation in airways and improves immunity.

    What are the side effects of Montelukast?

    Headache, nausea, diarrhea, and neuropsychiatric effects.

    How does COPD affect breathing?

    Damaged lungs make it hard to exhale, leading to CO2 buildup.

    What distinguishes emphysema from chronic bronchitis?

    Emphysema causes air trapping; chronic bronchitis leads to chronic cough.

    What are the risk factors for developing COPD?

    Smoking, environmental factors, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

    What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

    Fever, chills, cough, and difficulty breathing.

    How is pneumonia diagnosed?

    Using chest X-ray, blood cultures, and sputum analysis.

    What is the role of insulin?

    Regulates blood glucose levels and promotes fat storage.

    What characterizes Type 1 diabetes?

    Beta cell destruction leads to insulin deficiency.

    What are the symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

    Deep breathing, fruity breath, nausea, and confusion.

    What is the mechanism of action of Metformin?

    Prevents glycogenolysis and increases insulin sensitivity.

    What are the signs of hyperthyroidism?

    Weight loss, increased heart rate, and heat intolerance.

    What is the effect of antipsychotic medications?

    Partially block dopamine receptors to reduce symptoms of psychosis.

    What are the adverse effects of SSRIs?

    Sexual dysfunction, weight changes, and gastrointestinal upset.

    What is anemia?

    A condition with insufficient healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen.

    How is the type of anemia determined?

    By evaluating RBC morphology and underlying causes.