Final Exam Phil

Q1 :What is the Socratic definition of "critical thinker"? a.Critical thinkers solve problems effectively. b.Critical thinkers search for the truth. c.Critical thinkers communicate clearly. d.All of the above.

d. all of above

Q1: What are the two parts of an argument? a.Premises and Conclusion b.Inductive and Deductive c.Validity and Soundess d.All of the above

a.Premises and Conclusion

An assumption that is not directly stated in an argument is called a suppressed or an implicit premise. True or False?

True

What type of argument is the following? [1] All noble gases are stable. [2] Helium is a noble gas. [3] Therefore, helium is stable. a.Deductive argument b.Inductive argument

a.deductive argument

What type of argument is the following? [1] All emeralds so far observed have been green. [2] Therefore, it is probable that all emeralds are green. a.Deductive argument b.Inductive argument

b. inductive

A deductive argument is said to be __________ if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false. a. valid b. invalid c.sound d.unsound

a. valid

A deductive argument is said to be __________ if and only if it takes proper form and all of its supporting claims are true. a. valid b. invalid c.sound d.unsound

c. sound

Identify the conclusion of the following argument. No Republicans are suitable to be president of the United States because no republicans are in support of same sex marriage. And only candidates who are in support of gay marriage are suitable to be president. a.No Republicans are suitable to be president of the United States. b.No republicans are in support of same sex marriage. c.And only candidates who are in support of gay marriage are suitable to be president. d.All repblicans are homophobic.

a

When asked to critically evaluate an argument there are only two questions you need to ask: (1) Does the argument have good form? and (2) Are the premises of the argument true. True or false

true

All sound arguments are by definition valid but not all valid arguments are sound. true or false

true

Who says, ""No man would keep his hands off of what was not his own when he could safely take what he liked out of the market, or go into houses and lie with anyone at his will."? a.Glaucon b.Socrates c.Aristotle d.None of the above

a

Glaucon argues that we act morally in real life because __________. a.We are basically good b.We want to feed our "inner beasts" c.We do not want to feed our "inner beasts" d.We are afraid of getting caught and punished

d

In "The Myth of the Ring" Socrates argues that it is better to get caught and punished than to get away with a misdeed. true or false

true

How does Socrates' respond to Glaucon? a. Socrates agrees with Glaucon's claim that we would all use the ring; however, Socrates argues that some would use it for the good b. Socrates agrees with Glaucon's claim that using the ring would harm our soul, but contends that it is in our nature to destroy ourselves. c. socrates disagrees with Glaucon's claim because he thinks that there are some people with enough foresight to see what using the ring would do to their soul. d. Socrates disagrees with Glaucon's claim because he thinks we are naturally inclined to do good and avoid evil

c

Socrates argues that to act unjustly is to __________. a. Feed the beast and the lion, and starve the inner man b.Feed the beast, and starve the lion and the inner man c. Starve the beast and the lion, and feed the inner man d.Starve the beast, and feed the lion and the inner man

a

Aristotle defines "good" as __________. a. That which the gods love b. That than which none greater can be conceived c. That at which all things aim d. That which gives pleasure

c

What are the two kinds of virtue Aristotle describes? a.Mortal and venial b.Moral and religious c.Moral and intellectual d.Moral and practical

c

How does Aristotle say we begin to acquire the virtues? a. Through prayer and meditation b.By reading books like the Bible and the Qur'an c.By practicing them d.We have innate knowledge of the virtues

c

Aristotle argues that right conduct is the mean between __________. a.Matter and form b.Moral and Intellectual c.Excess and deficiency d.Perfect and imperfect duties

c

Aristotle argues, that properly speaking, children and young adults cannot be said to be happy. True or false

true

Kant argues that it is wrong to lie, even when necessary to save a friend's life. True or False

true

Peter Singer argues from a utilitarian standpoint. True or false

true

In one of Kant's examples you have two shopkeepers. A is honest to his customers so that he can make more profit from them later. B is honest to his customers because he knows it is simply the right thing to do. According to Kant, B's actions are done __________. a.from fear of divine reprisal b.to achieve happiness c. from a sense of sympathy d.from duty

d

According to utilitarianism, actions are right if __________. a. They accord with ethical custom b.They accord with God's law c.They are done from duty d. They promote the greater good

d

Which of the following is an example mentioned in Singer's essay? a.A child drowning in a koi pond. b.A cat on a hot tin roof. c.Abraham Lincoln saving the piglets d.All of the above

a

Which of the following best captures the point of Singer's essay? a.Contributing to famine relief is certainly good but it is not a moral obligation. b.We have a duty to contribute to famine relief. c.We should not contribute to famine relief in countries like North Korea--that allows the corrupt communist government to spend more money on the military because it does not have to feed its people. d.We do not have a duty to contribute to famine relief.

b

Singer notes that if one accepts the principle that if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable more importance, we ought, morally, to do it, then the traditional distinction between __________ and __________ cannot be drawn. a.proximal and distant causes b.moral and venial sin c.sin of omission and sin of comission d.duty and charity

d

According to Kant, the only thing good in itself is __________. a.A god-fearing soul b.A godly heart c.A good will d.A well-developed intellect

c

Kant thought that we ought to accept and follow categorical imperatives because they are rational. true or false

true

According to Kant, it is impossible to act in accordance with duty unless you act from duty. True or false

False

Rawls's theory most nearly aligns with this political party. a. Democratic party b. Repubican party

a

Nozick's theory most closely aligns with this political party. a.Democratic party b.Republican party

b

Rawls analyzes justice in terms of fairness. true or false

true

As Rawls argues, the principles that people would agree to from behind the veil of ignorance are those that abide by the principle of utility. true or false

false

This philosopher argues that the only government that can be justified is a minimal government. a. Rawls b. nozick

b

What is Rawls' view of individuals' "natural gifts"? a. Those with more natural gifts should be allowed to gain from them but only insofar as this gain ultimately works to the benefit of all. b.They should be eliminated in favor of a society in which no one is any more skilled or gifted than anyone else. c. Someone who starts off with more natural gifts is more deserving of good fortune than someone who starts off with less. d.We can allow such inequality as an intermediate state, but the goal should be to ensure that everyone shares equally in these natural gifts.

a

Which of the following is an example in Nozick's essay? a.Babe Ruth b.Wilt Chamberlain c.Karl Marx d.Bernie Sanders

b

Which of the following best describes Nozick's Entitlement Theory? a. Social security, welfare and other "entitlements" are necessary for a just society. b.Entitlements such as social security are legitimate forms of distributive justice; however, welfare is a violation of property rights and hence a violation of liberty. c.You are entitled to a possession only if you have earned that possession fair and square or if you have been given that possession by someone who earned it fair and square. d.None of the above--Nozick rejects all claims to entitlements.

c

Nozick's central criticism of Rawls's theory is that __________. a."It's not the government's job to serve as cosmic pie cutter." b.Artificially imposed equality deprives citizens of their liberty. c.Any patterned redistribution of private holdings is cleary government overreach. d.All of the above

d

Which philosopher is most likely to support socialized medicine and free college? a. Rawls b. nozick

a

This argument for the existence of God views God as the greatest conceivable being. a.The Ontological Argument b.The Cosmological Argument c.The Teleological Argument d.The Argument from Religious Experience

A. The Ontological Argument

This argument for the existence of God views God as a first cause of movement. a.The Ontological Argument b.The Cosmological Argument c.The Teleological Argument d.The Argument from Religious Experience

B. The Cosmological Argument

This argument for the existence of God views God as the designer of the universe. a.The Ontological Argument b.The Cosmological Argument c.The Teleological Argument d.The Argument from Religious Experience

C. The Teleological Argument

Anselm argues that a being who exists in both the mind and in reality would be greater than a being who merely existed in the mind. True or false

true

Kant argues that existence is not a predicate. This is an objection to which argument? a.The Ontological Argument b.The Cosmological Argument c.The Teleological Argument d.The Argument from Religious Experience

A. The Ontological Argument

Gould argues that evolution is a path no sensible god would tread. This is an objection to which argument? a.The Ontological Argument b.The Cosmological Argument c.The Teleological Argument d.The Argument from Religious Experience

C. The Teleological Argument

Hume argues that this argument is based on a false analogy. a.The Ontological Argument b.The Cosmological Argument c.The Teleological Argument d.The Argument from Religious Experience

C. The Teleological Argument

Hume argues that even if we grant the claim that the universe has a designer, more argument is needed to show this designer is one and the same as the god of the Judeo-Christian tradition. This is an objection to which argument for the existence of God? a.The Ontological Argument b.The Cosmological Argument c.The Teleological Argument d.The Argument from Religious Experience

C. The Teleological Argument

Gaunilo's example about the perfect island is an objection to this argument. a.The Ontological Argument b.The Cosmological Argument c.The Teleological Argument d.The Argument from Religious Experience

A. The Ontological Argument

This argument for the existence of God rests on the Principle of Sufficient Reason, a principle many philosophers find incoherent. a.The Ontological Argument b.The Cosmological Argument c.The Teleological Argument d.The Argument from Religious Experience

B. The Cosmological Argument

Mackie argues that the problem of evil rests on three propositions. Which if the following is NOT one of the propositions Mackie lists? a. God is all-powerful b. God is all-knowing c.God is wholly good d. Evil exists

B. God is all-knowing

Mackie argues that to say God is all-powerful is to say there are no limits on what God can do. True or false

True

Mackie argues that a being who is wholly good seeks to remove evil as far as it can. True or false

true

Mackie thinks that God could have created human beings who always freely choose the good. true or false

true

On what grounds does Mackie reject the free will response to the problem of evil? a.Mackie argues that it tacitly imposes a limit on what an all-powerful being can do. b. Mackie argues that if evil is necessary, a small speck of evil would do. c. Mackie argues that this would deprive God of his supposed omniscience. d.None of the above--Mackie defends the free will response to the problem of evil.

A. Mackie argues that it tacitly imposes a limit on what an all-powerful being can do.

Unlike Mackie, St. Thomas Aquinas argues that God is in fact constrained by the laws of logic, just as God is constrained by his own perfection. true or false

true

St. Thomas Aquinas thinks that not even God could create human beings who always freely choose the good. Why? a.Because this notion involved a contradiction. b.Because God is constrained by his own perfection. c.Because God exists outside time and space. d. Because God is all knowing.

A. Because this notion involved a contradiction.

Why have some philosophers found the problem of divine foreknowledge so puzzling? a.Because it tacitly imposes a limit on what an omnipotent being can do. b.Because it places limits on God's omnipotence. c.Because it would mean that God is not wholly good. d.Because if we do not have free will, it seems that God is punishing us for doing that which we could not avoid doing.

D. Because if we do not have free will, it seems that God is punishing us for doing that which we could not avoid doing.

How does St. Augustine respond to the problem of divine foreknowledge? a. He denies God has divine foreknowledge. b. He argues that God's foreknowledge is limited. c. He argues that like the trinity, God's foreknowlege is beyond human explanation. d. He argues that God simply knows how we will choose to exercise our free wills.

D. He argues that God simply knows how we will choose to exercise our free wills.

How would Mackie respond to the question, "Can God microwave a burrito so hot that he, himself, could not eat it? a. Mackie would note that this question is inherently contradictory. b. Mackie would argue that God is not in the business of non sense. c.Mackie argues that God could microwave said burrito and then turn around and eat it. d.All of the above

A. Mackie argues that God could microwave said burrito and then turn around and eat it.

Kant argues that the good will is good in virtue of what it wills and not in virtue of what it accomplishes. true or false

true

Nagel argues that on Kant's analysis, if, say, a drunk driver is luck and gets home safely, he should be treated exactly the same as would if he were unlucky and killed someone. True or false

true

People cannot be morally assessed for what is not their fault, or for what is due to factors beyond their control. This is known as the control principle. True or false

true

Nagel characterizes the problem of moral luck in the following terms. Where a significant aspect of what someone does depends on factors beyond his control, yet we continue to treat him in that respect as an object of moral judgment, it can be called moral luck. True or false

true

To which category of moral luck does the following belong. Luck in the way one's actions and projects turn out. a. Consequential Luck b. Constitutive Luck c. Circumstantial Luck d.None of the above

A. Consequential Luck

On Nagel's view, the problem of free will is not the same as the problem of deterministic luck. True or False

false

The difference in punishment between murder and attempted murder is an example of what type of moral luck? a. Consequential Luck b. Circumstantial Luck c. Constitutive Luck d.Determistic Luck

A. Consequential Luck

On August 1, 1966 Charles Whitman, a 25-year-old Eagle Scout and U.S. Marine murdered 16 people, including his wife and his mother. An autopsy revealed that he had a brain tumor in his amygdala, an area of the brain responsible for emotional control and empathy. This is an example of the problem of moral luck. What type of moral luck is at work here? a. Consequential Luck b. Constitutive Luck c.Circumstantial Luck d.Determistic Luck

B. Constitutive Luck

The Milgram experiments show that much of human behavior is the result of factors beyond our control and not robust character traits. For example, most people today condemn those who sympathized with the Nazis and yet studies have shown that if we grew up in Nazi Germany (and were not one of the oppressed groups), we would most likely have supported Hitler as well. What kind of luck is at work here? a. Consequential Luck b. Constitutive Luck c. Circumstantial Luck d. Determistic Luck

C. Circumstantial Luck

Which of the following is an example discussed in the article by Susan Wolf? a. Ghandi b.Hitler c.JoJo d.College student

C. JoJo

The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turning, was designed to test whether machines can think. True Or false

true

John Searle's Chinese Room thought experiment was designed to test the __________. a. The claims of weak AI b.The claims of strong AI c.The validity of the Turing Test d. Both b and c.

D. Both b and c. The claims of strong AI The validity of the Turing Test

What is the main point of Searle's paper? a. That Chinese is a very difficult language to learn. b.That machines are not sentient. c.That the formal manipulation of symbols is the same as thinking. d.That the formal manipulation of symbols is not the same as thinking.

D. That the formal manipulation of symbols is not the same as thinking.

Which of the following best describes the Systems Reply? a. This criticism of the Chinese Room thought experiment says that although the man in the Chinese Room may not understand Chinese, the system as a whole understands Chinese. b.Until we formulate a systematic means of categorizing intention states, Searle's thought experiment remains speculative. c. Until we develop a systematic understanding of qualia as manifestations of brain states, Searle's thought experiment remains speculative. d. Until we develop a systematic understanding of animal intelligence, we cannot formulate a reasonable position on computer intelligence.

A. This criticism of the Chinese Room thought experiment says that although the man in the Chinese Room may not understand Chinese, the system as a whole understands Chinese.

How does Searle respond to the robot reply? a.Searle was writing in 1980 when robotic technology was still in its infancy. So, he was forced to leave this as an open question. b.He reaffirms his main point--that thought and understanding can only arise in organic matter. c. He argues that putting a computer in a robot equipped with devices such as sensors and video technology would not be capable of understanding--such devices simply add additional input to the computer. And that's just more syntactic input. d. He concedes that an appropriately programed computer that is placed into a robot equipped with sensors and video technology may indeed by capable of understanding.

He argues that putting a computer in a robot equipped with devices such as sensors and video technology would not be capable of understanding--such devices simply add additional input to the computer. And that's just more syntactic input.

What is the name of Dennett's original brain?

Yorik

What is the name of Dennett's original body?

Hamlet

What is the name of Dennett's computer backup brain?

Hubert

What is the name of Dennett's second body?

Fortinbras

Who is Rosencratz? a.Dennett's original body. b. second body. c.Dennett's potential third body. d. Dennett's potential third backup computer brain.

Dennett's potential third body.

What is Descartes' stated aim in the Meditations on First Philosophy? a. To frustrate undergraduates with needless worring. b. To show that science can only produce highly corroborated theories but can never produce certainty. c. To establish a firm and indubitable superstructure in the sciences. d. None of the above--Descartes thought were were endlessly stuck with solipsism.

To establish a firm and indubitable superstructure in the sciences.

Descartes argues that the senses are unreliable. Which of the following is not an example he uses to make this point? a.A square tower appearing round from 100 yards away. b.The possibility that you could be insane--with black vapors taking over your mind. c. The possibility of an evil genius deceiving us at every turn. d.Our lack of certainty on whether the sun will rise tomorrow.

Our lack of certainty on whether the sun will rise tomorrow.

At one point in the First Meditation, Descartes, himself, compares unjustified beliefs to rotten apples in a barrel--if they are not eradicated, the could infect an individual's entire belief system. True or false

false

Which of the following is an example used by Descartes in the First Meditation? a. Sex robots b.Painted representations c.Newton's theory of universal gravity d.Global warming

Painted representations

Hume's primary purpose in the Enquire Concerning Human Understanding is to understand the principles of human understanding and the limits of science. True or false

true

Hume argues that were there is no impression, there can be no idea. true or false

true

Hume argues that there are only two types of understanding: matters of fact and relations of ideas. true or false

true

Hume places science with in the domain of Relations of Ideas. true or false

false

Hume argues that the key feature that distinguishes impressions from ideas is that the former are more "lively" and "vivid" than the latter. true or false

true

Hume argues that we cannot know the sun will rise tomorrow. true or false

true