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Protects data by restricting access from outside the class.
They can access private and protected members of a class.
It can hinder necessary access to data for calculations.
A function that is not a member of a class but can access its private data.
When access to private data is essential without creating circular dependencies.
A class that can access all private members of another class.
They can reduce data protection by violating encapsulation principles.
friend
To inform the compiler that a class exists before its full definition.
They provide a controlled way to access private members.