PLANT KINGDOM

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    What defines the plant kingdom?

    Excludes fungi, Monera, and Protista with cell walls.

    What are the main groups within Plantae?

    Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms.

    How do natural classification systems differ from artificial ones?

    Natural systems consider evolutionary relationships and internal features.

    What is the significance of algae in ecosystems?

    They are primary producers and fix carbon dioxide.

    What are the three main classes of algae?

    Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae.

    What type of reproduction occurs in algae?

    Vegetative, asexual, and sexual methods.

    What distinguishes Chlorophyceae from other algae?

    They are green due to chlorophyll a and b.

    What is the primary storage form of food in Rhodophyceae?

    Floridean starch.

    How do Phaeophyceae store food?

    As complex carbohydrates like laminarin or mannitol.

    What is oogamous reproduction in algae?

    Involves a large non-motile female gamete and a smaller motile male gamete.

    What role do pyrenoids play in Chlorophyceae?

    They store protein and starch within chloroplasts.

    What is the habitat range for Rhodophyceae?

    Primarily marine, found at various depths.

    What is the significance of algin produced by brown algae?

    Used commercially as a thickening agent.

    How do algae contribute to oxygen levels in water?

    Through photosynthesis, they increase dissolved oxygen.

    What is the main pigment in Phaeophyceae?

    Fucoxanthin, contributing to their brown color.

    What are gametes?

    Reproductive cells involved in sexual reproduction.

    How do bryophytes differ from algae?

    Bryophytes have a more differentiated structure and require water for reproduction.

    What is the dominant phase in bryophytes?

    The gametophyte is the main plant body.

    What is an archegonium?

    The female sex organ in bryophytes that produces a single egg.

    What role do bryophytes play in ecology?

    They decompose rocks and help in soil formation.

    What are liverworts?

    A type of bryophyte with a thalloid structure, often found in moist habitats.

    How do mosses reproduce asexually?

    Through fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema.

    What is the sporophyte in mosses?

    A structure that develops from the zygote and is attached to the gametophyte.

    What distinguishes pteridophytes from bryophytes?

    Pteridophytes have a dominant sporophyte phase and true vascular tissues.

    What are the two types of spores in heterosporous pteridophytes?

    Megaspores and microspores.

    What is a prothallus?

    The gametophyte stage in pteridophytes that is small and photosynthetic.

    What defines gymnosperms?

    Seeds that are not enclosed by an ovary wall.

    How do gymnosperm leaves adapt to their environment?

    They have needle-like shapes to reduce water loss.

    What is the significance of mycorrhiza in gymnosperms?

    It aids in nutrient absorption and nitrogen fixation.

    What is the main plant body in pteridophytes?

    The sporophyte, which is differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves.