PDF Notes: Intermediate Micro

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    What is Total Utility?

    Represents the overall satisfaction from consuming a good.

    What is Marginal Utility?

    The additional satisfaction from consuming one more unit.

    How does Marginal Utility relate to Total Utility?

    Marginal Utility increases Total Utility until it reaches zero.

    What happens when Marginal Utility is zero?

    Total Utility is maximized at that consumption level.

    What is the Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS)?

    The rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another.

    What are the properties of an Indifference Curve?

    They are downward sloping and never intersect.

    What distinguishes perfect substitutes from perfect complements?

    Substitutes can replace each other easily; complements are consumed together.

    What is a Budget Line?

    Represents combinations of goods that a consumer can afford.

    What does a shift in the Budget Line indicate?

    Changes in income or prices of goods.

    What is the Price Effect?

    The change in quantity demanded due to a change in price.

    What is the Income Effect?

    The change in demand resulting from a change in consumer's income.

    What is the Substitution Effect?

    The change in quantity demanded due to a change in the price of a substitute.

    What is Total Product (TP)?

    The total output produced by all units of a variable factor.

    What is Marginal Product (MP)?

    The change in total product from using one more unit of a variable factor.

    What is Average Product (AP)?

    Total product divided by the number of units of the variable factor used.

    What does the Law of Diminishing Returns state?

    Adding more of a variable input to fixed inputs will eventually yield lower per-unit returns.

    What is the relationship between TP and MP?

    When TP increases, MP is positive; when TP is maximized, MP is zero.

    What is Average Total Cost (ATC)?

    Total cost divided by the quantity of output produced.

    What is the difference between short-run and long-run costs?

    Short-run costs involve fixed factors; long-run costs allow all factors to vary.

    What is Equilibrium in Perfect Competition?

    Occurs when marginal cost equals marginal revenue.

    What is Price Discrimination?

    Charging different prices for the same product based on buyer characteristics.

    What characterizes an Oligopoly?

    Few firms dominate the market with high interdependence.

    What is General Equilibrium?

    A state where supply and demand are balanced across all markets.