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An excitable cell that integrates information and transmits signals.
The stable voltage difference across a cell membrane when not transmitting signals.
A rapid change in membrane potential that propagates along the axon.
Through synapses using neurotransmitters to transmit signals.
Chemical messengers released by neurons to communicate with other cells.
Cations are positively charged ions; anions are negatively charged ions.
It maintains the resting membrane potential by moving Na+ out and K+ in.
Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ to enter the cell, making it more positive.
A state where the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential.
It prevents the generation of another action potential immediately after one.
It insulates axons to increase the speed of action potential propagation.
The process of neurotransmitter release and receptor activation at synapses.
Local depolarizations that increase the likelihood of an action potential.
Local hyperpolarizations that decrease the likelihood of an action potential.
Graded potentials vary in magnitude; action potentials are all-or-nothing.
Calcium influx triggers the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane.
They support neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier.
A selective barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances.
It coordinates voluntary movements and maintains balance.
It acts as a relay station for sensory information to the cortex.
It regulates homeostasis and controls the endocrine system.
It connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
It is involved in decision-making, planning, and motor control.
It processes sensory information related to touch and spatial awareness.
It is responsible for visual processing.
It is involved in auditory processing and memory.
It regulates emotions and memory.
It removes neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft to terminate the signal.
Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels; metabotropic receptors activate second messengers.
It acts as the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
It is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
It is the level of depolarization needed to trigger an action potential.
It controls vital autonomic functions like heart rate and breathing.
It transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
It connects the CNS to limbs and organs.
It regulates involuntary bodily functions.
Sympathetic prepares the body for action; parasympathetic promotes rest.
It controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
It is crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation.
They are involved in movement regulation and coordination.
It processes emotions, especially fear and pleasure.
It is involved in complex cognitive behavior and decision making.
It processes visual information from the eyes.
It processes auditory information from the ears.
It processes sensory input from the body.
It controls voluntary muscle movements.
It is involved in consciousness and emotional awareness.
It plays a role in emotion formation and processing.
It processes smell information from the nasal cavity.
It relays sensory information to the appropriate cortical areas.
It regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
It secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
It produces melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles.
It connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
They produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
It cushions the brain and spinal cord, providing support.
It protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood.
It provides a protective layer and contains cerebrospinal fluid.
It is the tough outer layer protecting the brain and spinal cord.
It closely adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
It connects the CNS to limbs and organs.
It regulates involuntary bodily functions.
Sympathetic prepares the body for action; parasympathetic promotes rest.
It controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
It is crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation.
They are involved in movement regulation and coordination.
It processes emotions, especially fear and pleasure.
It is involved in complex cognitive behavior and decision making.
It processes visual information from the eyes.
It processes auditory information from the ears.
It processes sensory input from the body.
It controls voluntary muscle movements.
It is involved in consciousness and emotional awareness.
It plays a role in emotion formation and processing.
It processes smell information from the nasal cavity.
It relays sensory information to the appropriate cortical areas.
It regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
It secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
It produces melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles.
It connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
They produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
It cushions the brain and spinal cord, providing support.
It protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood.
It provides a protective layer and contains cerebrospinal fluid.
It is the tough outer layer protecting the brain and spinal cord.
It closely adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.