PDF Notes: Metabolism

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    What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?

    Catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

    How does phosphofructokinase differ from hexokinase?

    It is a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis, controlling the flow of glucose through the pathway.

    What happens if NAD+ runs out during glycolysis?

    Glycolysis will slow down or stop due to lack of electron acceptors.

    What is the significance of the malate-aspartate shuttle?

    Transports NADH into mitochondria for ATP production.

    What is the consequence of ATP hydrolysis in glycolysis?

    Drives the phosphorylation of glucose, making it more reactive.

    What distinguishes anaerobic glycolysis from aerobic glycolysis?

    Anaerobic glycolysis does not require oxygen and produces lactate.

    What is the yield of ATP from one molecule of glucose in anaerobic glycolysis?

    Net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

    How does insulin affect glycolysis?

    Stimulates glucose uptake and increases glycolytic enzyme activity.

    What is the function of pyruvate kinase?

    Catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, converting phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate.

    What happens to lactate produced during anaerobic glycolysis?

    It is transported to the liver for conversion back to glucose.

    What is the role of phosphoglycerate kinase?

    Catalyzes substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP.

    What is the effect of hypoxia on glycolysis rates?

    Increases glycolysis to compensate for reduced oxygen availability.

    What is the main method for maintaining plasma glucose during fasting?

    Liver glycogen breakdown provides glucose to the bloodstream.

    What is the purpose of the combined actions of phosphoglycerate mutase and enolase?

    Facilitates the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate.

    What is the importance of the energy currency produced in glycolysis?

    Provides ATP and NADH for cellular processes.