PDF Notes: bio note

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    What is genetics?

    Study of heredity and genetic variation.

    What are the main components of DNA?

    Nucleotides, which include a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

    How does DNA differ from RNA?

    DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil.

    What is the structure of DNA?

    Double helix formed by base pairs and a sugar-phosphate backbone.

    What is a gene?

    Segment of DNA that contains instructions for traits.

    What is the function of DNA?

    Stores genetic information and transmits it during cell division.

    What happens during DNA replication?

    DNA makes a copy of itself for cell division.

    What is the role of RNA?

    Involved in protein synthesis and genetic information transfer.

    What are the phases of the cell cycle?

    Interphase and mitotic phase.

    What occurs in the G1 phase of interphase?

    Cell grows and accumulates resources for DNA replication.

    What is mitosis?

    Division of somatic cells to produce two identical daughter cells.

    What is meiosis?

    Division that produces gametes with half the chromosome number.

    What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

    Increases genetic variation among offspring.

    What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

    Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

    What happens during anaphase?

    Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.

    What is cytokinesis?

    Final separation of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

    What distinguishes Mendelian from non-Mendelian inheritance?

    Mendelian follows simple dominant-recessive patterns; non-Mendelian includes multiple alleles and incomplete dominance.

    What is a Punnett Square used for?

    To predict the probability of offspring genotypes.

    What is the role of DNA polymerase in replication?

    Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand.

    What is genetics?

    Study of heredity and genetic variation.

    What are the main components of DNA?

    Nucleotides, which include a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

    How does DNA differ from RNA?

    DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil.

    What is the structure of DNA?

    Double helix formed by base pairs and a sugar-phosphate backbone.

    What is a gene?

    Segment of DNA that contains instructions for traits.

    What is the function of DNA?

    Stores genetic information and transmits it during cell division.

    What happens during DNA replication?

    DNA makes a copy of itself for cell division.

    What is the role of RNA?

    Involved in protein synthesis and genetic information transfer.

    What are the phases of the cell cycle?

    Interphase and mitotic phase.

    What occurs during the G1 phase?

    Cell grows and accumulates resources for DNA replication.

    What is mitosis?

    Division of somatic cells to produce two identical daughter cells.

    What is meiosis?

    Division that produces gametes with half the chromosome number.

    What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

    Increases genetic variation among offspring.

    What is the difference between leading and lagging strands in DNA replication?

    Leading strand synthesizes continuously; lagging strand in fragments.

    What is a Punnett Square used for?

    To predict the probability of offspring traits.

    What is a test-cross?

    Used to determine the genotype of an organism.

    What are genetic disorders?

    Diseases caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes.

    What is the role of DNA helicase in replication?

    Unwinds the DNA double helix.

    What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    Forms the core of ribosome's structure and catalyzes protein synthesis.

    What is cytokinesis?

    Final step of cell division where cytoplasm splits.