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It converts AC to DC using only one half of the input waveform.
It converts both halves of the AC waveform into DC.
Operates in reverse bias to maintain a constant voltage.
Zener diodes are designed for reverse breakdown operation.
Maintains a constant output voltage despite changes in load current.
The current through the Zener diode decreases to keep output voltage constant.
A device made of two pn junctions that controls current flow.
NPN and PNP transistors.
Supplies charge carriers to the base.
Removes charges from the junction with the base.
The middle section that forms two pn-junctions.
Active, cutoff, and saturation.
Base-emitter junction is forward biased, allowing current flow.
Both junctions are reverse biased, resulting in minimal current.
Both junctions are forward biased, allowing maximum current.
Collector current is nearly equal to emitter current.