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Hydrophobic interactions among fatty acid tails and hydrogen bonding with water.
Higher temperature increases fluidity.
Phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols.
Important for cell recognition.
Integral proteins are embedded in the bilayer, while peripheral proteins are loosely attached.
They act as transport channels and receptors.
Allows small, nonpolar molecules to pass while restricting larger, charged ones.
Diffusion is solute movement; osmosis is water movement across a membrane.
Pressure needed to stop water flow due to solute concentration differences.
Water moves to equalize solute concentration, potentially changing cell volume.
Stabilizes bilayer and regulates fluidity at varying temperatures.
Synthesize ATP when protons flow down their gradient.
Use ion gradients to move molecules against their concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion requires proteins; simple diffusion does not.
Crucial for signaling, recognition, and transport regulation.
Measures how well a membrane blocks solute passage.
Maintains resting membrane potential and ion gradients.
Exchanges 3 Na⁺ in for 1 Ca²⁺ out to regulate calcium levels.
Membranes are fluid with proteins and lipids moving laterally.
Osmolarity measures all solute particles; tonicity affects cell volume.