PDF Notes: PHYSICS MIDTERM ANSWERS

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    What stabilizes the lipid bilayer?

    Hydrophobic interactions among fatty acid tails and hydrogen bonding with water.

    How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?

    Higher temperature increases fluidity.

    What are the main types of membrane lipids?

    Phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols.

    What role do glycolipids play in membranes?

    Important for cell recognition.

    How do integral proteins differ from peripheral proteins?

    Integral proteins are embedded in the bilayer, while peripheral proteins are loosely attached.

    What is the function of transmembrane proteins?

    They act as transport channels and receptors.

    What defines selective permeability in membranes?

    Allows small, nonpolar molecules to pass while restricting larger, charged ones.

    What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?

    Diffusion is solute movement; osmosis is water movement across a membrane.

    What is osmotic pressure?

    Pressure needed to stop water flow due to solute concentration differences.

    What happens during osmosis?

    Water moves to equalize solute concentration, potentially changing cell volume.

    What is the role of cholesterol in membranes?

    Stabilizes bilayer and regulates fluidity at varying temperatures.

    What is the function of F-type pumps?

    Synthesize ATP when protons flow down their gradient.

    How do secondary active transporters function?

    Use ion gradients to move molecules against their concentration gradient.

    What distinguishes facilitated diffusion from simple diffusion?

    Facilitated diffusion requires proteins; simple diffusion does not.

    What is the significance of membrane asymmetry?

    Crucial for signaling, recognition, and transport regulation.

    What is the reflection coefficient?

    Measures how well a membrane blocks solute passage.

    What is the role of the Na⁺/K⁺ pump?

    Maintains resting membrane potential and ion gradients.

    What is the mechanism of the Na⁺-Dependent Ca²⁺ Pump?

    Exchanges 3 Na⁺ in for 1 Ca²⁺ out to regulate calcium levels.

    What defines the fluid mosaic model?

    Membranes are fluid with proteins and lipids moving laterally.

    What is the difference between osmolarity and tonicity?

    Osmolarity measures all solute particles; tonicity affects cell volume.