PDF Notes: Lec 1شباهموصلات

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    What is the purpose of the periodic table?

    It organizes elements by atomic number and properties.

    What does the atomic number (Z) represent?

    The number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

    How are isotopes defined?

    Atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers.

    What is the mass number (A)?

    The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

    What is the relationship between A, Z, and n?

    A = Z + n.

    What characterizes conductors?

    No band gap allows free electron movement.

    How do semiconductors differ from conductors?

    Semiconductors have a moderate band gap.

    What happens to conductivity in semiconductors as temperature increases?

    Conductivity increases due to more electrons crossing the band gap.

    What defines an insulator?

    A large band gap prevents electron movement.

    What is doping in semiconductors?

    Adding impurities to increase conductivity.

    What is an N-type semiconductor?

    Doped with elements that have extra electrons.

    What is a P-type semiconductor?

    Doped with elements that create holes in the structure.

    What is the effect of temperature on intrinsic semiconductors?

    Higher temperatures allow electrons to jump to the conduction band.

    What is the band gap of silicon?

    1.12 eV at room temperature.

    How does germanium compare to silicon as a semiconductor?

    Germanium has a smaller band gap and is more temperature-sensitive.

    What is the significance of gallium arsenide (GaAs)?

    It has superior electron mobility and is used in high-frequency devices.

    What happens to the Fermi level in N-type semiconductors?

    It moves toward the conduction band.

    What is the role of holes in P-type semiconductors?

    They act as positive charge carriers.