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Includes the auricle and external auditory canal.
Contains air, ossicles, and muscles for sound transmission.
The tympanic membrane has three layers; the pars flaccida has only two.
Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx.
It can lead to hearing loss and potential infection.
Include speech tests and tuning fork tests.
Transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
Conductive deafness involves sound transmission issues; sensorineural involves nerve damage.
Infection or blockage in the middle ear.
Indicates a healthy tympanic membrane during inspection.
Assesses balance and proprioception.
Includes vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.
Controls the amplitude of sound waves entering the inner ear.
Provides taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Assesses vestibular function by inducing nystagmus.
Often involves antibiotics and sometimes drainage.
Connects the middle ear to the mastoid air cells.
May lead to hearing loss and facial nerve injury.
Peripheral vertigo is due to inner ear issues; central vertigo is due to brain problems.
To assess hearing ability and identify hearing loss.
Can cause pulsatile tinnitus and conductive hearing loss.