GEology

    Master this deck with 49 terms through effective study methods.

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    What is Tectonite?

    Forms from significant stretching of any rock.

    What defines Marble?

    Cooked limestone that is nearly 100% calcite.

    What is Greenstone?

    Formed from cooked basalt or gabbro, contains chlorite and epidote.

    What is Soapstone?

    Talc-rich rock formed from cooked serpentinite.

    What is the difference between hypocenter and epicenter?

    Hypocenter is underground; epicenter is above on the surface.

    What are P-waves?

    Primary waves that move in a push-pull motion.

    What are S-waves?

    Secondary waves that move up and down.

    Which wave travels most quickly?

    P-waves travel faster than other seismic waves.

    Which waves are more destructive?

    S-waves and surface waves cause more damage.

    What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to locate an epicenter?

    At least three stations are required.

    What does the Mercalli Scale measure?

    Describes the damage caused by an earthquake.

    What does the Richter Scale measure?

    Quantifies the energy released by an earthquake.

    What happens with each step of the Richter scale?

    Each step represents a tenfold increase in wave amplitude.

    Does solid bedrock amplify or subdue seismic waves?

    Solid bedrock subdues seismic waves.

    What are tsunamis?

    Walls of water generated by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.

    What are foreshocks?

    Minor earthquakes that occur before a major event.

    Where do earthquakes typically occur?

    At or near plate boundaries.

    What are Subduction zones?

    Regions where one plate dives below another.

    What are Benioff zones?

    Areas of earthquakes within a subducting slab.

    What are collision zones?

    Where two continental plates crash into each other.

    What are transform plate boundaries?

    Regions where two plates slide past each other.

    What are hotspots?

    Areas where large mantle plumes create volcanoes.

    What is pahoehoe lava?

    Lava flow with a smooth or ropy surface.

    What is aa lava?

    Lava with a sharp, jagged surface.

    What are pillow basalts?

    Rounded lava masses formed underwater.

    What is tephra?

    Rock fragments produced during volcanic eruptions.

    Do explosive volcanic eruptions cause climate change?

    Yes, they can lead to climate cooling.

    What are lahars?

    Volcanic mudflows created from ash and water.

    What are shield volcanoes?

    Large, low, broad volcanoes with effusive eruptions.

    What type of rock is associated with shield volcanoes?

    Basalt is commonly found in shield volcanoes.

    What are stratovolcanoes?

    Large, steep cones formed from alternating lava and ash.

    What are calderas?

    Depressions formed after a volcano collapses.

    What is a maar volcano?

    Explosion holes formed by magma meeting groundwater.

    What gases do volcanoes emit?

    Water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide.

    What is creep?

    Slow movement of rock or regolith due to gravity.

    What is solifluction?

    Movement of water-saturated soil over permafrost.

    What are flows, slides, and falls?

    Flows move as a fluid; slides remain intact; falls free-fall.

    What is an earthflow?

    Soil flowing after heavy rainfall.

    What is a debris flow?

    Flow dominated by boulders.

    What is a mudflow?

    Slurry of water and fine sediment moving downhill.

    What is a rockfall?

    Rocks falling or bouncing down a slope.

    What is a slump?

    A rotational slide along a curved surface.

    What is base level?

    The lowest point a river can erode.

    What are oxbow lakes?

    Lakes formed from cutoff meandering streams.

    What is suspension in streams?

    Clay and silt moving within the water column.

    What is saltation?

    Grains jumping downstream in a stream.

    What is traction?

    Grains rolling along the streambed.

    What are dendritic streams?

    Streams that resemble a tree structure.

    What are braided streams?

    Interweaving streams that split and merge.