nucleic acid

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    What are nucleotides?

    Building blocks of nucleic acids.

    What is the role of ATP in cells?

    Main energy carrier.

    How do DNA and RNA differ in structure?

    DNA contains deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose.

    What is a gene?

    Segment of DNA coding for a functional product.

    What is the significance of Chargaff's rules?

    Base pairing ratios in DNA are consistent across species.

    What happens during DNA denaturation?

    Strands separate due to heat or pH changes.

    What is the function of cyclic AMP?

    Acts as a second messenger in cellular signaling.

    What is a phosphodiester bond?

    Link between nucleotides in nucleic acids.

    What is the primary structure of nucleic acids?

    Sequence of nucleotides in a strand.

    What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    Component of ribosomes for protein synthesis.

    What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?

    Purines have two rings; pyrimidines have one.

    What is the consequence of cytosine deamination?

    Conversion to uracil, leading to potential mutations.

    What is the significance of the 5' and 3' ends of nucleic acids?

    Defines directionality for synthesis and function.

    What are the major bases found in DNA?

    Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine.

    What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

    Adapter that translates mRNA into amino acids.

    What is a hairpin structure in RNA?

    Formed by base pairing within a single strand.

    What is the function of coenzyme A?

    Involved in acyl group transfer reactions.

    What is the role of minor bases in DNA?

    Regulate or protect genetic information.

    What is the significance of the melting temperature (tm) of DNA?

    Indicates stability based on G-C content.

    What is the function of adenosine in enzyme cofactors?

    Provides binding energy for enzyme-substrate interactions.

    What is the process of transcription?

    Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.