psychology chapter 1 part 1

    Master this deck with 39 terms through effective study methods.

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    What are individual differences in psychology?

    Variations in characteristics and behavior patterns among people.

    What is situationism?

    The belief that behavior is influenced more by situational factors than personal traits.

    How do individual differences contribute to human functioning?

    They add diversity and uniqueness to human traits and behaviors.

    What is intelligence?

    The ability to understand complex ideas and adapt to the environment.

    What distinguishes aptitude from intelligence?

    Aptitude refers to potential for acquiring skills, while intelligence measures cognitive competence.

    What role do interests play in psychological assessment?

    They help determine suitable subjects or courses for individuals.

    What is the purpose of psychological assessment?

    To measure and evaluate psychological attributes using scientific methods.

    What is the difference between formal and informal assessment?

    Formal assessment is standardized and objective, while informal is subjective and varies by assessor.

    What are the dimensions of psychological attributes?

    They are complex and multi-dimensional, requiring assessment across various domains.

    What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?

    It views intelligence as an aggregate of abilities measured by a single index.

    How does the information-processing approach differ from the psychometric approach?

    It focuses on the processes used in reasoning and problem-solving rather than just ability measurement.

    What did Alfred Binet contribute to the understanding of intelligence?

    He formalized intelligence as a set of mental operations for solving problems.

    What is Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence?

    It posits a general factor (g-factor) and specific factors (s-factors) influencing intelligence.

    What are Thurstone's primary mental abilities?

    Seven independent abilities including verbal comprehension and numerical abilities.

    What does Jensen's hierarchical model of intelligence propose?

    It consists of Level I (associative learning) and Level II (cognitive competence) abilities.

    What does Guilford's structure-of-intellect model classify?

    Intellectual traits across operations, contents, and products.

    What is the theory of multiple intelligences?

    It proposes distinct types of intelligences that are independent of each other.

    What defines linguistic intelligence?

    It involves the ability to use language fluently and express thoughts.

    How does logical-mathematical intelligence differ from other types?

    It focuses on critical thinking and abstract reasoning.

    What is spatial intelligence?

    It refers to the ability to form and manipulate visual images.

    What characterizes musical intelligence?

    It involves sensitivity to sounds and the ability to create musical patterns.

    What is bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence?

    It is the ability to use the body flexibly for expression or problem-solving.

    What defines interpersonal intelligence?

    It involves understanding others' motives and feelings for better relationships.

    What is intrapersonal intelligence?

    It refers to the understanding of one's own feelings and desires.

    What characterizes naturalistic intelligence?

    It involves awareness of and interaction with the natural world.

    What are the three types of intelligence in Sternberg's triarchic theory?

    Componential, experiential, and contextual intelligence.

    What is componential intelligence?

    It involves analytical thinking and problem-solving skills.

    How does experiential intelligence function?

    It uses past experiences creatively to solve new problems.

    What is contextual intelligence?

    It involves adapting to daily environmental demands.

    What is the PASS model of intelligence?

    It describes three neurological systems for attention, processing, and planning.

    What role does arousal play in intelligence?

    It helps focus attention on relevant stimuli for information processing.

    What is simultaneous processing?

    It integrates information into a meaningful pattern for comprehension.

    What is successive processing?

    It involves recalling information in a serial manner.

    What is the significance of planning in intelligence?

    It allows for setting goals and evaluating actions to achieve them.

    What evidence supports the hereditary influence on intelligence?

    Studies on twins show high correlation in intelligence levels.

    How does environment affect intelligence?

    Children's intelligence can improve with better socio-economic conditions.

    What is mental age (MA)?

    It measures intellectual development relative to age peers.

    What is the formula for calculating IQ?

    IQ is mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

    What does an IQ of 100 indicate?

    It means mental age equals chronological age.