PDF Notes: Comprehensive Study Guide_ Economics — Money, Banking & Financial Markets

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    What are the three functions of money?

    Store of value, unit of account, medium of exchange.

    How does inflation affect the functions of money?

    It erodes purchasing power and makes prices unreliable.

    What is commodity money?

    Has intrinsic value regardless of its use as money.

    What distinguishes fiat money from commodity-backed money?

    Fiat money has no intrinsic value and relies on trust.

    What is hyperinflation?

    Extremely rapid inflation that destroys a currency's value.

    What is near-money?

    Assets that store value but cannot be used directly for transactions.

    What does the Quantity Theory of Money formula MV = PQ represent?

    The relationship between money supply, velocity, price level, and real output.

    What is M1?

    The narrowest definition of money supply, including cash and demand deposits.

    How does M2 differ from M1?

    M2 includes all of M1 plus savings deposits and small time deposits.

    What is the role of the Federal Reserve?

    To provide a stable currency and act as a lender of last resort.

    What are the dual mandates of the Federal Reserve?

    Maximum employment and price stability.

    What is the significance of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)?

    It sets monetary policy and determines the federal funds rate target.

    What is the difference between currency in circulation and bank reserves?

    Currency in circulation counts in M1; bank reserves do not.

    Why was the gold standard abandoned?

    It limited the money supply and reduced flexibility in economic crises.

    What is legal tender?

    Currency that must be accepted for payment of debts by law.

    What happens if the money supply grows faster than real output?

    Prices must rise, leading to inflation.

    What is the liquidity level of cash?

    Cash is the most liquid asset.

    What is the primary reason paper money is valuable?

    It is generally accepted in trade due to social convention.

    What is the impact of high inflation on cash as a store of value?

    It destroys cash's ability to maintain purchasing power.