Anatomy

What defines the anatomical position?

The body stands erect with eyes forward and limbs at the sides.

What are the different anatomical planes?

They include coronal, horizontal, and sagittal planes.

How does the midsagittal plane differ from the parasagittal plane?

Midsagittal divides the body into equal halves; parasagittal divides into unequal parts.

What does the coronal plane divide?

It separates the body into anterior and posterior portions.

What is the function of the horizontal plane?

It divides the body into upper and lower segments.

What does 'anterior' refer to?

It indicates the front of the body.

What is the meaning of 'posterior'?

It refers to the back of the body.

How is 'superior' defined in anatomical terms?

It means closer to the head.

What does 'inferior' indicate?

It refers to a position closer to the feet.

What does 'medial' mean?

It indicates a position closer to the median plane.

What is the difference between proximal and distal?

Proximal is closer to the trunk; distal is further away.

What does 'ipsilateral' mean?

It refers to structures on the same side of the body.

What does 'contralateral' refer to?

It indicates structures on opposite sides of the body.

What is flexion in terms of movement?

It is bending a joint toward the ventral surface.

What does extension mean?

It is the straightening of a joint.

What is dorsiflexion?

It is lifting the top of the foot upward.

What is plantar flexion?

It involves moving the sole of the foot downward.

How do abduction and adduction differ?

Abduction moves away from the midline; adduction moves toward it.

What is rotation in anatomical terms?

It is the movement around a limb's long axis.

What is circumduction?

It combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in a circular motion.

What characterizes cartilage?

It is softer and more elastic than bone.

What are the types of cartilage?

They include hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.

Which cartilage types are retained throughout life?

Articular and costal cartilages are retained.

What defines compact bone?

It is hard and dense, forming the outer layer of bones.

What is spongy bone?

It has a porous structure filled with red bone marrow.

What are long bones?

They are longer than they are wide, found in limbs.

What characterizes short bones?

They are roughly cuboidal and found in hands and feet.

What defines flat bones?

They have thin layers of compact bone surrounding spongy bone.

What are irregular bones?

They do not fit into other categories, like vertebrae.

What is the role of periosteal arteries?

They supply blood to the outer compact bone.

What do nutrient arteries do?

They supply blood to the inner compact bone and marrow.

What are the functions of the skeleton?

Support, shape, movement, protection, and blood cell formation.

What distinguishes the axial skeleton?

It includes bones along the body's main axis.

What is the appendicular skeleton?

It consists of limb bones and their girdles.

What layers make up the skin?

The epidermis and dermis.

What are skin creases?

Folds of skin over joints, thinner and attached to underlying structures.

What are the appendages of the skin?

Nails, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

What is the nail apparatus?

Keratinized plates on the tips of fingers and toes.

Where is hair distributed on the body?

Not on lips, palms, soles, or certain genital areas.