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    Master this deck with 100 terms through effective study methods.

    Imported from Quizlet

    Created by @alex123

    Anatomy

    the study of the structure of the body

    Physiology

    the study of the function of the body

    Chemical level

    represents the atoms and molecules that make up cells (Consists of Atomic level and molecular level)

    Cellular level

    represents the basic unit of all living things

    Tissue level

    a group of cells with similar or common function

    Organ level

    a group of tissues with similar or common function

    Organ system level

    a group of organs with similar or common function

    Organismic level

    the entire body consisting of the various organ systems.

    Integumentary System

    controls body temperature & protects body from environmental hazards

    Skeletal System

    supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood cells

    Muscular System

    movement, support and produces heat

    Nervous System

    controls immediate responses to stimuli

    Endocrine System

    controls long-term responses in body

    Cardiovascular System

    internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells

    Lymphatic & Immune Systems

    defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to cardiovascular system

    Respiratory System

    exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues

    Digestive System

    ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of indigestible wastes

    Urinary System

    filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to eliminate waste products

    Reproductive System

    produces sex cells and hormones related to reproduction

    homeostasis

    condition in which body's internal environment remains within certain narrow physiological limits

    homeostatic regulation

    adjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis

    receptor

    monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input to control center

    control (integration) center

    receives input from receptor & determines appropriate response

    effector

    cell or organ that receives information (output) from control center and produces a response (effect)

    interactions of a feedback system

    stimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent pathway) -> control center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response

    positive feedback

    the response by the effector to the initial change is to further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which

    places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes uterine contraction, etc.

    ...

    Negative feedback

    the response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state. Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes

    insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose from the blood and lowering blood sugar level.

    ...

    Anatomical position

    patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Cephalic = head

    Cranial

    upper portion of head surrounding brain

    Facial

    face

    cervical

    neck

    thoracic

    chest

    axillary

    armpit

    acromial

    point of shoulder

    deltoid

    fleshy portion of shoulder

    brachial

    upper arm

    antebrachial

    forearm

    antecubital

    front of elbow

    carpal

    wrist

    manual

    hand

    digital (phalangeal)

    fingers or toes

    abdominal

    region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis

    dorsal

    back

    lumbar

    lower back

    olecranol

    back of elbow

    pelvic

    pelvis

    pubic

    anterior pelvis

    inguinal

    junction of trunk and thighs (groin)

    gluteal

    buttocks

    femoral

    thigh

    patellar

    front of knee

    popliteal

    back of knee

    crural

    anterior of lower leg (shin)

    sural

    posterior of lower leg (calf)

    tarsal

    ankle

    pedal

    foot

    plantar

    bottom of foot

    superior (

    cephalic = cranial) = towards the head

    inferior (

    caudal) = away from the head

    anterior (ventral)

    towards the front

    posterior (dorsal)

    towards the back

    medial

    towards the midline

    lateral

    away from the midline

    proximal

    towards the point of attachment (limbs)

    distal

    away from the point of attachment (limbs)

    superficial

    towards the surface (i.e., skin)

    deep

    away from the surface

    Sagittal

    separates the body into right and left parts

    Midsaggital

    median = separates the body into equal right and left parts

    Parasaggital

    separates the body into unequal right and left parts

    Frontal

    coronal = separates the body into anterior and posterior parts

    Transverse

    horizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body into superior and inferior parts

    .

    ...

    dorsal body

    The two major cavities of the body are the dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity.

    ventral body

    The organs in the ventral body cavity are surrounded by serous membranes which allow for organ movement. There are no serous membranes in he dorsal body cavity.

    The dorsal body cavity

    surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

    It is separated into two subdivisions

    the cranial cavity surrounds the brain and the spinal cavity surrounds the spinal cord.

    The ventral body cavity

    includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

    The thoracic cavity

    is the cavity superior to the diaphragm and the abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the diaphragm.

    The thoracic cavity is further subdivided into

    two pleural cavities, which contain the lungs, one pericardial cavity, which contains the

    heart, and the mediastinum, which is the central region of the thoracic cavity containing the esophagus and trachea.

    ...

    The abdominopelvic cavity

    is separated into two regions, which are not truly separated from one another in the

    body.

    ...

    These are the abdominal cavity,

    which contains primarily the digestive organs and the pelvic cavity, which contains primarily the reproductive and urinary organs.

    Serous membranes (also called serosae)

    are found within the ventral body cavity. They consist of two layers of membrane with fluid =(called serous fluid) in between the two layers.

    The inner layer

    which is closest to the organ, is

    called the visceral layer.

    ...

    The outer layer

    which is closest to the body wall, is called the parietal layer.

    Pleura

    serous membranes surrounding lungs

    parietal pleura

    outer serous membrane surrounding lungs

    visceral pleura

    inner serous membrane surrounding lungs

    Pericardium

    serous membranes surrounding heart

    parietal percardium

    outer serous membrane surrounding heart

    visceral pericardium

    inner serous membrane surrounding heart

    Peritoneum

    serous membranes lining organs in the abdominopelvic cavity (surrounding digestive, reproductive and

    urinary organs)

    ...

    parietal peritoneum

    outer serous membrane surrounding organs in the abdominopelvic region

    visceral peritoneum

    inner serous membrane surrounding organs in the abdominopelvic region