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    What are the six most common elements in the human body?

    Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

    Energy production through glycolysis and ATP formation.

    How do cations differ from anions?

    Cations are positively charged, while anions are negatively charged.

    What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?

    Cells lose water and shrink, a process called crenation.

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump?

    It maintains electrochemical gradients by moving sodium out and potassium in.

    What is the structure of DNA?

    A double helix formed by nucleotides A, T, G, C.

    What is the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

    Primary uses ATP directly, while secondary uses energy from another gradient.

    What is the function of ribosomes?

    They translate RNA into amino acids to form proteins.

    What is the significance of the bicarbonate buffer system?

    It helps maintain stable pH levels in the body.

    What is the main function of epithelial tissue?

    To form boundaries and protect surfaces.

    What occurs during transcription?

    DNA is converted into mRNA in the nucleus.

    What is the role of glial cells?

    They support and protect neurons in the nervous system.

    What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?

    Cells gain water and may burst, a process called lysis.

    What are the three types of muscle tissue?

    Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

    What is the primary role of connective tissue?

    To support, bind, and protect structures in the body.

    What is homeostasis?

    The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.