Master this deck with 100 terms through effective study methods.
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118 elements
59 elements, with 6 making up 99% of body mass.
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
65% of body mass.
Water, which makes up about 60% of the body.
Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
28 liters.
14 liters.
A phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Cations are positively charged ions; anions are negatively charged ions.
The concentration of hydrogen ions.
7.35 to 7.45.
A system that helps maintain pH balance in the body by regulating hydrogen ions and bicarbonate.
It forms carbonic acid, which dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Saccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Two saccharides combined, such as maltose, sucrose, and lactose.
Energy production through glycolysis and ATP formation.
Fatty acids and glycerol.
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are solid; unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds and are liquid.
Amino acids, which contain an amine group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain.
They perform most functional roles, including acting as carriers, channels, receptors, and enzymes.
The building blocks of nucleic acids, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
Double-ring structures (adenine, guanine) and single-ring structures (cytosine, thymine).
A structure formed when a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate are combined.
DNA is formed when many nucleic acids join together, creating a sugar-phosphate backbone with bases extending inward.
Adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G).
A-T pairs form two hydrogen bonds, while C-G pairs form three hydrogen bonds.
DNA resembles a twisted ladder, known as a double helix.
DNA contains the information needed to make proteins, which requires transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
The human body has around 30 trillion cells.
Red blood cells are approximately 10 micrometers in size.
The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer made of phosphate heads (water-loving) and fatty acid tails (water-hating).
The nucleus contains DNA tightly packed as chromosomes and produces ribosomes.
Ribosomes make proteins by translating RNA into amino acids.
The Golgi apparatus packages proteins, modifies them, and sends them out in vesicles.
Mitochondria produce ATP using glucose and oxygen.
Active transport moves substances from low concentration to high concentration and requires energy (ATP).
Primary active transport is the direct use of ATP to move ions against their concentration gradient.
Secondary active transport uses energy indirectly by piggybacking on another substance moving down its gradient.
Tonicity refers to the effective osmolarity, which is the concentration of solutes that exert osmotic force.
Cells shrink when water leaves; this is called crenation.
Lysis is when cells burst due to excess swelling from a hypotonic solution.
Diffusion is the movement from high to low concentration, while facilitated diffusion involves movement through a channel for large or charged molecules.
Osmosis is the movement of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration across a semipermeable membrane.
It moves 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions in, creating a chemical and electrical gradient.
A gene is a stretch of DNA that can be read to make a protein.
Humans have approximately 20,000 to 30,000 genes.
A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
One cell's DNA is about 2 meters long.
Phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking).
A, T, G, C
About 20,000 to 30,000 genes
DNA strands are complementary: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
RNA polymerase reads the template strand of DNA to synthesize mRNA.
In the nucleus.
Uracil (U)
mRNA leaves the nucleus.
At ribosomes in the cytosol.
Ribosomes read mRNA three bases at a time, known as codons.
One amino acid.
tRNA brings amino acids and has an anticodon that matches the codon on mRNA.
AUG codes for methionine.
Many codons can code for the same amino acid.
Some mutations can change the amino acid sequence, while others may not.
The properties of the amino acids, such as hydrophobicity and charge.
The folding of the amino acid sequence creates the final 3D protein structure.
Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organism
Macromolecules (proteins, fats, carbs) and micromolecules (glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids)
Cells
Approximately 200 types of cells
Nervous, Muscle, Epithelial, and Connective tissue
Communication
Neurons and glia
To send fast, direct signals around the body
To support, protect, and maintain neurons
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
In the heart
To move substances through hollow organs
Forms boundaries between environments and lines cavities and organs
Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube), and Columnar (tall)
Allows diffusion and filtration
Connective tissue proper
Cells, fibers, and gels (ground substance)
Cells that produce connective tissue proper
To store fat
To provide strength
Liquid connective tissue
To provide protection from physical trauma and pathogens
To make the epidermis tough and waterproof
Dermis and Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
To assist with temperature regulation and contain sensory receptors
Producing melanin to protect DNA from UV damage
To act as immune cells that attack pathogens
To provide insulation, protection, and energy storage
It speeds up signal transmission along neurons
Smooth muscle
To pump blood
Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers