Psychology

What are the three types of conformity?

Internalisation leads to permanent change, identification causes moderate change, and compliance results in temporary change.

What is Normative Social Influence (NSI)?

The desire to be liked influences conformity.

What is Informational Social Influence (ISI)?

The desire to be right drives conformity.

How does group size affect conformity?

Conformity increases with larger group sizes.

What effect does unanimity have on conformity?

Presence of a dissenter decreases conformity.

What did Zimbardo's Stanford Prison experiment demonstrate?

Situational factors can lead to conformity to social roles.

What are the situational variables identified in Milgram's research?

Proximity, location, and uniform affect obedience.

What is the agentic state?

Acting as an agent for an authority figure reduces personal responsibility.

What aids resistance to social influence?

Social support and an internal Locus of Control enhance resistance.

How can minorities influence majorities?

Through consistency, commitment, and flexibility.

What does the Multi-Store Model (MSM) propose?

Separate stores for sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

What are the types of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

Episodic, semantic, and procedural memory types.

What does the Working Memory Model (WMM) consist of?

Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuo-spatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer.

What causes forgetting according to interference theory?

Proactive and retroactive interference disrupt memory retrieval.

What affects the accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony (EWT)?

Misleading information and anxiety can distort recall.

What is the Cognitive Interview?

A technique to improve EWT accuracy through specific questioning methods.

What are key concepts in infant-caregiver interactions?

Reciprocity and interactional synchrony are fundamental.

What did Lorenz's study demonstrate?

Imprinting is a critical attachment process in animals.

What does Bowlby’s monotropic theory emphasize?

An innate need for one primary attachment figure.

What are the three attachment types identified in the Strange Situation?

Secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.

What does Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis state?

Failure to form attachments leads to severe long-term effects.

How is abnormality defined in psychology?

By statistical infrequency, deviation from norms, and failure to function adequately.

What does the two-process model explain about phobias?

Phobias develop through classical and operant conditioning.

What are Beck’s cognitive explanations for depression?

Involves the negative triad of thoughts.

What is the focus of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)?

Changing negative thought patterns to treat depression.

What factors explain OCD?

Genetic and neural factors contribute to its development.

What is the role of Wundt in psychology?

He established psychology as a science through introspection.

What does the Behaviourist approach focus on?

Observable behavior and conditioning processes.

What are the key components of Social Learning Theory (SLT)?

Imitation, identification, and mediational processes.

What does the Cognitive approach study?

Internal mental processes and their impact on behavior.

What does the Biological approach explain?

Behavior through genetics, neurochemistry, and evolution.

What does the Psychodynamic approach focus on?

The unconscious mind and personality structure.

What is emphasized in the Humanistic approach?

Free will and self-actualization.

What are the two main divisions of the Nervous System?

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

What types of neurons are there?

Sensory, relay, and motor neurons.

What is synaptic transmission?

The process of neurotransmitter release and reception between neurons.

What does the Endocrine System regulate?

Hormones and bodily responses like the fight or flight reaction.

What is localised function in the brain?

Specific areas are responsible for particular functions.

What are biological rhythms?

Patterns of physiological changes, including circadian rhythms.

What are the main research methods in psychology?

Experiments, observations, and self-reports.

What is the scientific process in research?

Involves stating aims, forming hypotheses, and designing experiments.

What are independent and dependent variables?

IV is manipulated, DV is measured in experiments.

What distinguishes quantitative from qualitative data?

Quantitative data is numerical, while qualitative data is descriptive.

What is the structure of scientific reporting?

Includes abstract, introduction, method, results, and discussion.