Master this deck with 152 terms through effective study methods.
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A collection of people used for comparison of qualities.
A group one hopes to join in the future.
A group one hopes never to join.
A cognitive bias that simplifies decision-making.
Comparing oneself to someone perceived as better.
Comparing oneself to someone perceived as worse.
Emphasizing differences between oneself and others.
Focusing on similarities with someone to improve oneself.
Belief in one's ability to succeed.
Changing behavior based on observed actions.
Developer of Social Cognitive Theory.
A framework for understanding emotional, behavioral, and cognitive factors.
A cognitive shortcut for faster decision-making.
Assuming all members of another group are the same.
Learning differences by observing behaviors and messages.
Learning aggressive behavior by observing others.
Encouragement of attitudes through positive feedback.
Negative consequences for interacting with different groups.
Resentment due to unequal resources between groups.
Anger resulting from failure to achieve a goal.
Debunking stereotypes with multiple facts over time.
Using the cerebral cortex for evaluations.
Challenging beliefs with a single impactful fact.
Creating smaller groups to find common ground.
Increasing familiarity with a stimulus to reduce prejudice.
Increased liking through repeated exposure.
Goals that unite rival groups against a common enemy.
Conflict between prejudicial attitudes and cooperative behavior.
Favoring one's own group over others.
Extreme shifts in group opinions after discussion.
Rationalizing behavior to align with beliefs.
Loss of self-awareness leading to antisocial behavior.
Holding onto beliefs despite contradictory evidence.
Judging based on similarity to a typical category member.
Intentional harm aimed at causing injury.
Aggression used to achieve a specific goal.
Emotional response directed at a source of distress.
Redirecting aggression to a different target.
Aggression to obtain resources like food.
Defensive aggression to protect resources.
Aggression to defend a specific area.
Aggression between male competitors.
Aggression in response to pain or deprivation.
Protective aggression towards offspring.
Extreme aggression directed at individuals or property.
A small request is followed by a larger one that builds on it.
An outrageous request is made first, followed by a more reasonable one.
An agreed transaction is replaced with a significantly different one.
Offering additional incentives to encourage compliance.
Preference for new behaviors that align with previous ones.
Responding to a behavior with a similar form or magnitude.
Investing more resources to avoid the pain of loss.
Continuing an endeavor due to prior investments despite losses.
Valuing something more if perceived as in short supply.
An enduring evaluation of an object on a positive to negative scale.
Discomfort from conflicting attitudes and beliefs leading to change.
Attitude change through careful scrutiny of factual information.
Attitude change through emotional cues rather than logical scrutiny.
Behavior explained as part of a person's inherent qualities.
Behavior explained as influenced by external factors beyond control.
Incorrectly attributing others' behavior to their disposition.
Making excuses for one's own behavior while judging others differently.
Belief that people get what they deserve.
The degree of perceived control over one's situation.
Belief in direct control over one's situation.
Belief that control over the situation is outside oneself.
Interpreting adverse actions as due to external causes.
Interpreting adverse actions as due to internal flaws.
Inability to escape from uncontrollable adverse events.
Rationalizing actions positively despite adverse situations.
An expectation that influences the outcome of a situation.
Minimizing perceived threats in cause attribution.
Regulating information to influence others' perceptions.
cognitive biases for the fundamental attribution error describing how individuals think of individual traits as relating to and occurring with each other.
relatively fixed personality of the individual resulting from relationships with parents and other significant adults, in which approved attitudes and behavior patterns tend to be retained and disapproved actions and attitudes tend to be blocked out
state in which two or more people, situations, variables, or other entities rely on or react with one another such that one cannot change without affecting the other.
virtually every member of a group privately disagrees with what are considered to be the prevailing attitudes and beliefs of the group as a whole
the Primary Evolutionary Emotions theory suggests that emotions are an autonomic biological process which developed as a result of our need for survival
says emotions are not an instinct but instead are a psychological interpretation of your body’s physical reactions to an outside force.
argue that emotions are simultaneous physical reactions to outside forces.
beginnings of emotional responses do occur alongside physical reactions like the Cannon-Bard Theory suggests but the second factor requires us to interpret those early emotional responses into the most appropriate description for the situation
emotional response is the result of the brain processing the outside stimuli first then determining what the response should be.
emotional responses result from either involuntary reactions of the primal brain or voluntary rational appraisals in the cerebral cortex.
emphasize that certain emotional states have clearly observable and measurable physical responses which coincide with them. Humans then interpret these symptoms to determine their emotional state.
argue that the physical symptoms of happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, disgust, contempt, and anger are all the same no matter their cultural context
socially acceptable descriptions of emotional behavior defined by a reference group to whom a subject belongs
unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
known as the bonding hormone because it helps us relate and rely on others.
chemicals that organisms release into the environment to send complex messages from one organism to the other.
extent to which a situation or activity has bearing on the attainment or maintenance of a positive mood.
theory envisioning social interactions as an exchange in which the participants seek to maximize their benefits within the limits of what is regarded as fair or just.
Symmetrical faces demonstrate strong genetics, strong immune systems and the ability to fight diseases.
We are more likely to see ourselves in the people we date.
Excitatory neurotransmitter responsible for speeding up autonomic functions
cognitive bias in which one quality about an individual overshadows everything else about that individual in the perception of the observer.
two parties must be close to each other. Long distance relationships undermine it.
The more a person is around the person to whom they’re attracted, the more they like that person.
Tied to high dopamine levels.
Tied to low serotonin levels.
The couple can’t be alone. It’s either done in groups or the family sends chaperones. Usually the male has to ask the family for permission to date/marry.
The couple can be alone. The interested parties approach each other directly.
Biochemical attraction and the ability to find your partner attractive in the evolutionary psychological sense.
The ability to confide your honest feelings with your partner
The ability to exclude yourself from seeing other people and devoting yourself to sustaining your relationship with your partner.
During infatuation, only passion is present and intimacy and commitment are not.
intimacy is the only factor that is present from Sternberg’s three factors.
passion and intimacy are absent and only commitment is present.
passion and commitment are present but intimacy is absent.
intimacy and commitment are present but passion is absent.
intimacy and passion are present but commitment is absent.
passion, intimacy and commitment are present. Many people call consummate the most ideal type of love.
The Circadian Rhythm and Infradian Rhythms (based on the amount of sun), amount of resources, and amount of calories needed.
cultures and people will spread out
cultures and people will condense
With the right technology, resources can grow while also giving members of a culture the ability to spread out and travel outside their borders.
how many laws there are in a culture (higher is more laws, lower is less)
group is more important than individual
individual is more important than the group
a test subject is instructed to teach a learner in a nearby room how to memorize word pairs. If the learner gets them wrong, the test subject is instructed to give a series of painful electric shocks from 5 volts to 450 volts. The subjects are encouraged to continue by a proctoring psychologist who is usually just an actor who has no idea how the machine actually works
the diminished sense of responsibility often experienced by individuals in groups and social collectives.
U.S. Office of Naval Research commissioned Dr. Philip Zimbardo at Stanford University to construct an experiment to measure the effects of role playing, authority, social expectations, and conformity.
experiential state characterized by loss of self-awareness, altered perceptions, and a reduction of inner restraints that results in the performance of unusual and sometimes antisocial behavior.
Person is put in a situation where they look at lengths of line and are asked to pick the shortest one. The one person is a test subject the rest of the people in the experiment are confederates. The confederates say a lot of wrong answers and the answer the person gives is the dependent variable.
strong concurrence-seeking tendency that interferes with effective group decision making.
nonconscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction partners
The presence of others makes a behavior easier to accomplish/complete.
The presence of others makes a behavior harder to accomplish/complete.
subject will perform their best when they have found the right level of stimulation to optimize their cognition.
the reduction of individual effort that occurs when people work in groups compared to when they work alone.
individual is less likely to interfere in a situation
tendency for members of a group discussing an issue to move toward a more extreme version of the positions they held before the discussion began.
systematic changes in behavior that occur as a function of spatial or temporal distance from a reinforcer.
that which an individual is seeking to attain, particularly the ultimate goal following a series of subgoals.
the characteristic of individuals who tend to direct their behaviors toward attaining goals, particularly long-term goals.
more generally, the final response in a chain of behavior directed toward obtaining a goal. In conditioning, it specifically refers to the response given to a positive reinforcing stimulus.
behavior that is oriented toward attaining a particular goal.
name derives from a police tactic, used when incriminating evidence is lacking, in which two suspects are separated and told that the one who confesses will go free whereas the other will receive a heavy sentence.
A social application of social loafing. the tendency for groups to become less productive in terms of output per member as they increase in size.
any actions that conflict with, obstruct, hamper, or undermine the activities and experiences of others.
A special kind of neuron which fires when someone sees someone doing something. The subject feels like the witnessed behavior is happening to them. This helps facilitate the learning process.
A component of the primal brain responsible for basic emotions. It activates when experiencing something threatening. It is the fear switch.
The activation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in the subject either physically confronting the source or running away.
A region of the autonomic nervous system responsible for fear response.
region of the autonomic nervous system responsible for calming and relaxing while also recuperating from fight or flight
In repetition priming, presentation of a particular sensory stimulus increases the likelihood that participants will identify the same or a similar stimulus later in the test.
cognitive bias that results in adverse events having a more significant impact on our psychological state than positive events.
process by which a person changes their behavior based on what they’ve observed.
Experiment developed by Albert Bandura where a child observed someone either physically assaulting a Bobo Doll or playing with it. The dependent variable involved how the child would do.
a set of actions that are previously expected by an individual
theory which states venting one's anger will produce a positive improvement in one's psychological state.
the human tendency to see oneself as the opposite of the person with whom they are having a conflict.
heuristic that categorizes concepts and reference groups in an easily identifiable set of information.