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    What are ventricular arrhythmias?

    They can cause severe symptoms like syncope and sudden cardiac death.

    How do ventricular arrhythmias differ from supraventricular arrhythmias?

    Ventricular arrhythmias originate in the ventricles, while supraventricular ones originate above the ventricles.

    What are premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?

    They are extra heartbeats often felt as a skipped beat.

    What ECG findings are characteristic of PVCs?

    Widened QRS complex and a compensatory pause after the PVC.

    What is the treatment for symptomatic PVCs?

    β-Blockers may be used if lifestyle changes are ineffective.

    What is ventricular tachycardia (VT)?

    A rapid heart rate of 100 to 250 beats/min with coordinated contractions.

    How does ventricular fibrillation (VF) present clinically?

    Patients are typically unconscious and pulseless.

    What causes the abnormal impulses in VT and VF?

    They often originate from scar tissue after myocardial infarction.

    What is torsades de pointes?

    A form of polymorphic VT associated with electrolyte imbalances.

    Why is magnesium important in torsades de pointes?

    It regulates cardiac ion channels, affecting action potential thresholds.

    What is accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR)?

    A rhythm originating in the ventricle with a rate of 60 to 100 beats/min.

    What causes the absence of P waves in idioventricular rhythm?

    Conduction begins in the ventricles, skipping the atria.

    What is a junctional escape rhythm?

    A bradyarrhythmia with a heart rate of 40 to 60 beats/min originating at the AV node.

    What happens to the P waves in junctional escape rhythm?

    They may be absent or inverted due to abnormal conduction.

    What is the primary treatment for junctional escape rhythm?

    Correcting the underlying cause, often without medication.