bio - topic 8

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    What substances are transported into the body?

    Oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and mineral ions.

    What substances are transported out of the body?

    Carbon dioxide and urea.

    How do most substances move in the body?

    By diffusion from high to low concentration.

    What role does surface area play in diffusion?

    Larger surface area allows faster diffusion rates.

    What does a low surface area: volume ratio indicate?

    Inefficient diffusion for larger organisms.

    Why can't humans rely solely on diffusion?

    We have a low surface area: volume ratio.

    What are the four components of blood?

    Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

    How do arteries differ from veins?

    Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry it to the heart.

    What type of blood do veins carry?

    Deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary vein.

    What is the function of capillaries?

    They connect arteries and veins for substance exchange.

    What is the function of the heart?

    Pumps blood through two circuits in the body.

    What happens to blood in the right side of the heart?

    It is pumped to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

    What prevents backflow of blood in the heart?

    Valves between the heart chambers.

    What is cardiac output?

    Total blood volume pumped by the left ventricle per minute.

    What increases during exercise to meet energy demands?

    Breathing rate and heart rate.

    What is the main type of cellular respiration?

    Aerobic respiration in mitochondria.

    What is produced during anaerobic respiration?

    Lactic acid and energy.

    What is fermentation?

    Anaerobic respiration in yeast producing alcohol and carbon dioxide.

    What is a respirometer?

    Measures oxygen uptake to calculate respiration rate.

    What is the dependent variable in respiration experiments?

    The amount of oxygen absorbed by the organism.

    How does soda lime function in a respirometer?

    It absorbs CO2 produced during respiration.

    What are control variables in respiration experiments?

    Factors like organism age, mass, and time in water bath.

    What is the independent variable in respiration studies?

    The temperature of the water bath affecting respiration.

    Why is a control test necessary in respiration experiments?

    To measure liquid movement without respiration influence.

    What happens to the coloured liquid in a respirometer?

    It moves towards the organism as oxygen is absorbed.

    What temperature range is safe for respiration experiments?

    10 to 40 degrees Celsius without causing distress.