Master this deck with 100 terms through effective study methods.
Imported from Quizlet
Sound waves (jostling molecules of air)
(Height) Determines loudness
(Length) Determines pitch
1. Outer ear -Auditory Canal -Eardrum "tight membrane, vibrates waves" 2. Middle ear -Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup (All 3 like a piston) 3. Inner ear -Coch lea "snail-shaped tube" -Oval Window -Basilar Membrane "hair-like structures" 4. Auditory Cortex!!!
Damage to auditory nerves -Coch Lea Implant "translate sounds into electrical signal" -Disease, heredity, aging, prolonged exposure--> loud noise -Most common
Damage to mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the coach lea -Ear wax, ear infections, ruptured eardrum, cysts, tumors -Less common
Pressure, warmth, cold, pain
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
To smell, molecules of fragrance must reach receptors at top of each nasal cavity
5 million
Receptor cells --> brains olfactory bulb--> temporal lobes & limbic system
1. Kinesthesia 2. Vestibular Sense
the sense of body movement and position of individual body parts
muscles, tendons, and joints
the sense of body movement and position INCLUDING THE SENSE OF BALANCE
The inner ear that has 2 structures
1. fluid filled semicircular canals (looks like pretzel) 2. Vestibular sacs- contain fluid that moves when head tilts to rotates
Stimulants hair-like structures
Organizing & interpreting sensory information
Gestalt= organizing pieces of information into a whole
1. Figure/ground 2. Grouping
To perceive any object (figure) as distinct from its surrounding (ground)
Organizing the figure into meaningful forms (RULES)
1. Proximity= group nearby figures together 2. Similarity= group together figures that are the same 3. Continuity= perceive smooth continuous line patterns rather than discontinuous ones 4. Closure= fill gaps to create a whole 5. Connectedness= perceive spots, lines, or areas as a single unit when uniform & linked
estimate or judge the distance an object is from us
Visual cliff (child 6-14 months reluctant to do it)
depth cues using both eyes
Greater the difference between two images the retina receives of an object, the close the object is to us
refers to how our sense receptors and nervous system represent our external environment
Begins with sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing... goes with sensation
detection
interpretation
refers to how we mentally organize and interpret sensory information...goes with perception
creates meaning form sensory input by drawing on our experiences and expectations/info processing
1. Receive "sensory stimulation via receptor cells" 2. Transform "that stimulation via into neural impulses" 2. Deliver "that neural info to the brain"
the process of converting one form of energy to another that our brain can use
the point at which we detect a stimulus 50% of the time ex. logo graphic
Below threshold... the point at which we detect a stimulus less than 50% of the time
Unconscious activation of certain associations ex. in class activity (she tricked us)
(aka just noticeable difference) the minimum difference a person can detect between any 2 stimuli 50% of the time
our diminishing sensitivity to an unchaining stimulus ex. pool temp, exiting a movie
1. Wave length 2. Wave intensity
Distance from one wave peak to another, determines its hue
the amount of energy in light waves which is determined by amplitude (height), peaks and trough, influences brightness
brighter colors
duller colors
yes smallest opening
colored muscles that dilate/constrict the pupil
focuses incoming rays
multilayered tissue lining the back of the eye
detect black, white, gray...more light sensitive
detect color & fine detail... function in daylight... Red, green, blue
carries info to the brain (information highway)
where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no receptor cells there
nearsightedness, near is clear, objects further away are blurry
farsightedness, can't see near, can see far away
decreased ability to see color differences
study of brain activity linked with our mental process
occurs when there is synchronized activity across the brain
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
failure to notice obvious changes in the environment
texting and driving
28%
Passengers can see driving demands, pause the conversation, alert driver to risk
our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
1. Reflecting on past events 2. setting goals 3. learning a new task
awareness focuses on only a particular stimulus
1. reading a book-blocking everything else out
Attending to one voice among many voiced
1. Daydream 2. Drowsiness 3. Dreaming *all of these occur spontaneously
occurs without our awareness, takes care of routine business
a muscular cue that indicates the extent to which the eyes move inward when looking at an object
depth cues available to each eye separately
(Top down) enabling us to see objects as unchanging while stimuli from it change (shape constantancy)
Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another (Top-down)
Internal biological clock that occurs on a 24 cycle
(College age) improved performance throughout the day
(older adults) declining performing through the day
1. NREM 2. NREM-2 3.NREM-3 4. REM
a few minutes. Produces alpha waves
-breathing decreases -brainwaves decrease -heart rate decreases -muscles relax -Experience fantastic image (resemble hallucinations -Hypertoggic sensations (body jerking, feelings of floating)
Hallucinations
20 minutes, and theta waves
-Experience sleep spindles (Burst of brainwave activity) -Can be awakened with little difficulty -Clearly asleep
30 minutes, delta waves, and slow wave sleep
-Very deep sleep -Hard to awaken -May talk, walk, text -Children may wet the bed
Rapid eye movement, theta, beta, gamma waves
-10 min brain waves become rapid or active -about every 30 seconds, eyes dart within activity -genital arousal(dreams do not have to be sexual) -Occasional twitch -Essentially paralyzed -Eye movements indicate beginning of dream -Cannot be easily awakened -"Paradoxical sleep" (body aroused internally, N.S. and brain very active, yet one is externally calm and asleep voluntary muscles barely move) -Vivid dreams
every 90 minutes
Stage 3 NUREM-3 gets briefer and disappears and REM and NUREM 2 get longer
20-25%
-impaired creativity (concentration) -Increased vulnerability to illness -irritability and agitation -Misperceptions -Fatigue/sleepiness -Increase risk for depression -Weight gain
-Conflicts in friendships and dating relationships -Fall asleep in class -function below your peak academically
reoccurring problems falling or staying asleep
-sleeping pills -alcohol *Both aggravate the problem and reduce REM sleep *Once the drug is discontinue, the insomnia worsens
-Relax before bedtime, dim lights -Avoid caffeine -Avoid naps -Exercise regularly -Hide phone-dont check it -HWLW- Read/meditate on sciprture -Pray -Reassure yourself- losing little sleep causes no hard -If nothing else works, aim for less sleep (Go to bed later and get up earlier)
one intermittently stops breathing during sleep-associated with obesity
-Lose weight -Avoid alcohol -Excerise -Quit smoking -C-pap machine -Sleep position training -Adenoids removed
-usually occur in kids -appear terrified/blood curdling scream -sit up/ walk aorund/ talk incoherently -breathing and HR double -Very seldom awaken fully -Recall nothing the next morning or if awakened -NREM 3
periodic and overwhelming sleepiness. Lasting less that 5 minutes