Master this deck with 168 terms through effective study methods.
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explores unconscious motivations, childhood experiences, and interpersonal patterns to treat mental illness and personal dysfunction.
how human behavior and thought patterns grow and change over time.
states that behavior can be controlled through addition or subtraction of stimuli (outside forces).
hierarchy of needs
e-integrates mental processes back into psychology and explains human behavior as the reaction of three interlinked factors: biology (hormones, brain activity, etc.), psychology (thought patterns), social factors. This is known as “the biopsychosocial model.”
(aka Abnormal Psychology) The scientific study of unusual human behavior.
emphasizes raising the quality of life for individuals by promoting healthy behavior and thought patterns.
The process of examine one’s own thoughts, behaviors, beliefs.
examines human behavior through the lens of Charles Darwin and the notions of natural selection (external forces like the environment choosing certain physical/genetic traits) and Survival of the Fittest.
Founder of psychoanalysis, argued for survival/animal instincts as driving force of psychology
Turned psychology into a medical practice instead of mere philosophy.
Humanistic psychologist, created humanistic psychology.
Helped create behaviorism, specifically classical conditioning.
The element of an experiment which the experimenter has direct control over and is trying to test its effectiveness.
The element of an experiment which is directly measured because it is affected by the presence/absence of the independent variable.
An element in the experiment which might show a connection between the independent and dependent variable but is false.
a controlled scenario in which psychologists investigate the state of isolated variables having some reliance on or association with another entity or event.
a method of gathering data in which scores are given to individuals so that the scores represent some characteristic of those specific individuals.
a method of gathering data in which psychologists investigate a person or group of people over time, with the idea that close investigation can later be generalized to other people or groups.
A relationship in which if one variable intensifies, the other variable will also intensify in equal value.
A relationship in which if one variable intensifies, the other variable will decrease in value.
The metric which a data gathering technique is evaluated based on its ability to consistently gather data within reasonable margins.
The metric by which a data gathering technique is evaluated based on its ability to accurately collect the data it is intended to collect.
The experimenter knows who gets the experimental variable and they choose who got it. (Has the highest possibility for bias).
The experimenter knows who gets the experimental variable but they didn’t choose who got it. medium bias
The experimenter doesn’t know who gets the experimental variable and they didn’t choose. low bias
A longer term experiment which examines one variable and its changes over time to prove causation.
A shorter term experiment which organizes and isolates multiple variables at once.
A relationship between variables which suggests a connection but there is no connection to be had.
The process of determining whether variables have a cause and effect relationship.
a visual representation of the relationships or associations between two numerical variables, which are represented as points (or dots), each plotted at a horizontal axis (y-axis) and vertical axis (y-axis).
A statistical value between -1 and +1 that describes the relationship between two variables
a statistical method to combine results of different studies, especially those with small sample size or with conflicting results.
the ability to recreate a study using the same variables. The ability to replicate the study is key to developing valid and reliable data gathering tools. If the study can only be done once, the data cannot be considered reliable or valid.
a description of the dependent variable of a study with clearly defined terms to ensure reliable and valid data.
This cognitive bias involves people actively prioritizing information that supports their pre-established point of view or opinion instead of examining all information objectively.
In this bias, the subjects in an experiment either prioritize or otherwise censor their true behaviors or opinions because they feel that doing so will gain them the approval of the proctoring psychologist.
This kind of bias --which is a form of confirmation bias-- relates to actions made by the proctoring psychologist (either consciously or unconsciously) to skew the data provided by the research participant so that the results of the experiment fits their own expectations.
This bias undermines the experimental process because the subject is using current knowledge to revise the narrative by which that knowledge was obtained.
The process in a study in which a subject is briefed on what the experiment entails and having them agree.
an ethical guideline which states a subject can leave an experiment at any time.
A specific scientific need to be satisfied (aka this experiment is the ONLY way to test your theory).
Informed Consent: There was none. They just asked if they wanted to be in an experiment. Coercion: People were forced to do things they didn’t want to do (namely wake up at early hours of the morning and do push ups). Right To Withdraw: The subjects were not allowed to leave the experiment. Instead, it had to be canceled from a colleague.
Informed Consent: There was none. The psychologists misled the subjects into thinking the experiment involved the effectiveness of learning techniques but the experiment actually had to do with how much pain a subject was willing to put on a confederate. Coercion: The subjects were asked to apply increasingly powerful shocks under protest. Right To Withdraw: Somewhat obstructed. In later replications of the experiment subjects were able to leave when they wanted but the presence of an authority figure insisting that the experiment continue disrupted the ease of withdraw.
average
a measure of the variability of a set of scores or values within a group, indicating how narrowly or broadly they deviate from the mean.
the process which allows psychologists to readily make scientific discoveries, data-driven judgments, and forecasts. Moreover, this will provide psychologists with a clear, in-depth understanding of any idea from any subject.
A graphed data set that is symmetrical around the average/mean.
the belief that the probability for an outcome after a series of outcomes is not the same as the probability for a single outcome.
the probability that a particular statistical measure, such as the mean or standard deviation, of an assumed probability distribution will be greater than or equal to (or less than or equal to in some instances) observed results.
A stimulus that is intended to encourage a desired behavior such as a reward.
Intrinsic factors deal with the qualities inside an individual that makes them want to do something. Extrinsic factors are outside forces which can control your behavior.
The belief in one’s own ability to accomplish a task.
a state of being in which a subject has struck a balance between their needs/drives and what is available to them.
a theory of motivation which argues that a subject will prioritize behaviors that satisfy biological needs --which are known as drives.
a specific biological need which is directly responsible for survival ---such as eating, drinking, and keeping oneself healthy and warm.
a variable or stimulus in everyday life which helps us satisfy a biological need --such as a job, money, and shelter.
a motivational theory which states that human beings perform their best when exposed to situations which cater to their cognitive preferences.
a subject will perform their best when they have found the right level of stimulation to optimize their cognition.
a motivational theory which argues that human behavior can be directly shaped by outside forces.
A form of behaviorism in which human behavior is controlled based on their involuntary response to presented stimuli (outside forces).
A form of behaviorism which controls voluntary behavior through the addition or subtraction of reinforcements (to encourage behavior) or punishments (to discourage behaviors).
The biggest criticism of incentive theory because it states that human beings are only motivated to participate in certain behaviors because they are being extrinsically rewarded and therefore their behavior is not indicative of who they truly are.
Noted behaviorist and father of operant conditioning.
Noted behaviorist and father of operant conditioning. Founder of Social Cognitive Theory.
Psychologist who argued that emotion has two stages: the initial physical reaction (i.e. sweating, shivering, laughing, etc.) and the following cognitive interpretation (i.e. I’m nervous, I’m afraid, I’m really happy).
Founder of General Adaptation Syndrome which argues that physical reactions are tied to outside forces.
In this defense mechanism, the patient declares that the source of their anxiety does not apply to them.
Repression occurs when one’s anxiety about a particular topic becomes so painful that the conscious mind refuses to acknowledge its existence.
In this Freudian defense mechanism, patients struggle with the difficulties of life at their current stage in life and find comfort in acting in an earlier stage in development.
In this kind of defense mechanism, the subject redirects anger away from an outside source and pushes it on someone or something else.
Projection is the act of pushing a subconscious thought --either a wish or insecurity-- onto someone or something else.
In this defense mechanism, there is something about the subject --usually a personality trait or a socially unacceptable want/desire-- that they do not like and overcompensates by acting in exactly the opposite way. Essentially acting like a hypocrite.
in this defense mechanism, the subject turns the pain they are feeling into something constructive.
A schema is a pattern of thought used to organize information that human beings can easily process. According to this theory, every experience we have creates subconscious connections ---or associations--- between the memories themselves and the many other stimuli/information (sights, sounds, emotions, sensations, etc.) we already know.
As a starting point to understanding a subject’s subconscious associations, a psychoanalyst may start with asking a subject the first thoughts that come to mind while reading a series of words from a list.
The goal of Free Association is to have the subject speak openly and freely about what they are thinking.
These slips of the tongue come from the fact that you tried to suppress your subconscious thoughts and your subconscious fought back by having you say the thought with a slip of the tongue.
A form of psychoanalysis which argues that human beings are driven to live up to the standards set by society
A behavioral pattern that people can understand without context such as pressing one’s hands together to pray. No matter the context, the pressed hands demonstrate that the subject is praying.
no
Openness: The ability to learn and be receptive to new information/experiences. Conscientiousness: The ability to be highly organized, responsible, and hardworking. Extraversion: The ability to be around people. Agreeableness: the tendency to act in a cooperative, unselfish manner, construed as one end of a dimension of individual differences (agreeableness vs. disagreeableness). Neuroticism: levels of chronic emotional instability and proneness to psychological distress.
This test is used to examine personality disorders.
basic needs encompass all the aspects of life necessary to properly function. Clean Air, Food/Drink, Shelter, Clothing (warmth), Sleep, Reproduction.
self-actualization involves a subject accomplishing everything he/she/they could ever want out of life.
A system developed by Carl Rogers which indicates that all people are attempting to organize their needs in a way that gets them to their Ideal Self: the best possible version of themselves.
The act of pushing one’s actual self closer to their ideal self.
The process of one’s actual self being pushed further away from their ideal self.
an attitude of caring, acceptance, and prizing that others express toward an individual irrespective of his or her behavior and without regard to the others’ personal standards.
the process by which a response is given based on previous experiences.
The process by which an individual witnesses another’s behavior and then adjusts their own behavior to either achieve the same success as the witnessed individual or avoid the discomfort the witnessed individual experienced.
An outside force (sound, sight, word, sensation) that is paired with the neutral stimulus during conditioning the unconditioned stimulus will involuntarily result in a desired behavior.
An involuntary reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. During the conditioning process, this response will be connected to the neutral stimulus.
The process by which a subject is exposed to the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus within 0-5 seconds of each other so that the subject’s unconditioned response becomes tied to the neutral stimulus.
An outside force --formerly the neutral stimulus-- to which a subject will respond in the desired way.
The intended and involuntary reaction to the conditioned stimulus. Before acquisition happened, this response was the unconditioned stimulus but it’s now been paired with the conditioned stimulus therefore it is now conditioned.
the total elimination of an unwanted behavior.
the process by which a subject performs the conditioned response to any kind of stimulus resembling the conditioned stimulus. Example: A subject buying Pepsi or RC Cola after watching a Coca-Cola ad because they’re all the same kind of soda.
the process by which a subject avoids the conditioned stimulus and refuses to give the response out of fear of an unpleasant reaction based on past experience.
a stress-management strategy in which a person focuses on regulating his or her negative emotional reactions to a stressor. The goal is to acquire new Unconditioned Stimuli to the provoking stressor.
a stress-management strategy in which a person directly confronts a stressor in an attempt to decrease or eliminate it. This deals more with operant conditioning because it deals with voluntary behaviors.
The addition of an outside force strictly intended to encourage a behavior. (Such as adding a prize).
The removal of an outside force strictly intended to encourage a behavior. (Such as removing an unwanted task like chores if someone does a good job on homework).
Outside forces that directly tend to a subject’s biological needs (such as food, clothes, drink, etc.).
Outside forces that help a subject tend to their biological needs (such as money, tokens, points, etc.).
The addition of an outside force intended to discourage a behavior from continuing (such as receiving a ticket which stays on a permanent record or getting yelled at).
The removal of an outside force intended to discourage a behavior from continuing (such as removing cell phone privileges when a subject does badly on a test).
Partially rewarding a behavior that is not exactly the desired target but is sufficiently close to it.
Rewarding behavior after a specific number of repetitions such as every 10 times or every 20 times, etc.
Rewarding behavior after a random number of repetitions. For example, a reward may be given after the first completed task and then the reward might not happen until the 36th.
The process in which desired behavior is reinforced by offering tokens that can be exchanged for special foods, television time, passes, or other rewards.
any visual representation of a person’s (or a group’s) mental model for a given process or concept.
the idea that organisms are biologically predisposed to quickly learning associations between stimuli, responses, and reinforcers.
The process by which a subject is accustomed to an outside force and therefore doesn’t react as strongly to it because the nervous system is accustomed to it.
the principle that consequences of behavior act to modify the future probability of occurrence of that behavior.
Evidence relying on specific pieces of evidence gathered from rigid scientific definitions.
the discipline of Psychology in which behavior can be tested with replicable processes.
A school of thought which directly applies to real world practical problems with human and animal behavior.
Practitioners who apply emerging theories of human behavior and mental processes to raise productivity in the workplace.
A psychological school of thought which argues that the collective whole of all elements in a situation is more important than the elements themselves.
Former student of Freud, created his own form of psychoanalysis arguing that self discovery is the driving force of human behavior.
a method of gathering data in which a researcher observes how the participants respond to their environment in “real-life” settings but does not influence their behavior in any way.
Confederates are individuals who work for the experimenter who have been given strict instructions to follow in terms of behaviors. The goal is to see how test subjects in a data gathering exercise will react to scripted --and possibly independent-- variables.
An ethical guideline which forbids one person from forcing another to do something they don’t want to do.
An ethical guideline which states a subject cannot be harmed either physically or emotionally. The final say on what qualifies as physical or emotional harm falls on the Institutional Review Board.
an ethical guideline which states that the identity of subjects must be concealed in published findings.
The stage in the study in which a subject has completed the process and then is told the purpose of the experiment and the means for which the data will be used.
the tendency to see our own attitudes, beliefs, and behavior as being typical in a study.
a tendency in some individuals to alter their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. In other words, this is the cognitive bias behind the research participant bias.
the state of one variable having some reliance on or association with another entity or event, as when one variable is formed from another variable in an analysis.
the degree to which a research outcome cannot reasonably be attributed to the operation of chance or random factors.
a basic biological drive (e.g., hunger, thirst, sex, aggression) that must be fulfilled in order to maintain physical and psychological equilibrium.
any outside force that can influence behavior such as a reward or punishment.
A form of psychoanalysis which states that instincts (see above) are the driving subconscious force behind all our behavior. Libido/Survival/Sex Drive: The basic biological drive that rests at the center of the subconscious.
A form of psychoanalysis which states that self discovery is the driving subconscious force behind all out behavior.
aka Self Discovery, the subconscious drive for a person to come to terms with who they truly are.
Early Psychologist, created the James Lange Theory to describe emotions
The division of the subconscious mind which contains all our animal instincts such as survival.
The division of the subconscious mind which forms when we are little children and is our sense of self. It tries to control the id as much as it can. Sometimes it fails
rhe division of the subconscious mind which forms later in childhood and tells us what society says is right and wrong. We obey it to avoid punishment.
The discomfort which occurs when a subject’s id, ego, and superego are in conflict with each other.
The discomfort when a subject fears an outside threat. (Ego v. World)
The discomfort when a subject struggles with an unwanted desire/impulse. (Ego v. Id)
The discomfort when a subject’s ego fears punishment from their superego because they believe something others condemn. (Ego v. Superego).
Freudian fixation involves a subject almost obsessively attempting to satisfy a need that they did not have met during their psychosexual development.
a group of extreme behaviors, emotions, or values that relate to a specific topic or stimulus and subconsciously control a subject’s behavior.
a school of thought which uses many Freudian theories but recontextualizes --or outright ignores-- more controversial Freudian theories such as the sex drive, penis envy and psychosexual development.
Recontextualizes relationships between mother and father to be less sexual and more in the context of satisfying needs and building complex relationships.
Argued that Freudian psychology was too masculine in its approach, therefore she created “feminine psychology.”
A form of psychoanalysis which states that self discovery/individuation is the driving force of human behavior.
the external expression of the Jungian ego, specifically in the form that will best satisfy our peers.
The blending of both ego --the conscious decision making region-- and shadow --the subconscious decision making region.
Anima: is loosely defined as “feminine” in nature and is described as passive, logical, and submissive. Animus: is defined as “masculine” in nature and is characterized by aggressive, primal, and assertive behaviors.
The Jungian Scientific Study of Personality
Psychoticism: Energy level, aggression, impulsivity. Extraversion: The ability to be around people. Neuroticism: levels of chronic emotional instability and proneness to psychological distress.
the ability to stay out of harm’s way.
a state in which someone has gone beyond achieving everything they want from life and dedicate their actions to help other people achieve their own goals.
People with defensive self esteem try to keep their identity, self confidence/competence, and feeling of belonging high and will do everything in their power to keep those high levels --including reacting adversely to criticism and the constant need for positive feedback from people to remain stable in their abilities and self-respect.
People with secure self esteem do not seek approval and can handle challenges to their sense of self respect inertly. They can take criticism well and are confident in their skills.
The ability to learn from our peers.
A cognitive theory in classical conditioning which indicates that acquisition will be more effective if a subject makes subconscious connections between the stimuli and primal human values including identity, love, belonging, accomplishment (sense of purpose) and survival.
involuntary defense against a certain presented stimulus. Example: A subject is being shown a movie or food item that they’re supposed to like and the subject calls it a “turn off.”
A therapeutic application of classical conditioning in which a pleasant stimulus is acquired to an unpleasant one. Since the muscle relaxation is incompatible with the anxiety, the client gradually responds less to the anxiety-provoking situations.
the process of acquiring new and enduring information via the formation of bonds or connections between elements.
the study of how the brain and behavior affect immune responses.
This research determined what kind of stimuli (taste, touch, sight, sound) are easier to acquire than others.
learning that is acquired without conscious effort, awareness, intention, or reinforcement and is not manifested as a change in performance until a specific need for it arises.
Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.