Master this deck with 88 terms through effective study methods.
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A form of associative learning, When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response first studied by Ivan Pavlov
unlearned thing, invokes an unconditioned response.
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
In classical conditioning, the initial learning of an association
1. The CS comes before the US 2. the CS and US pairing very close in time
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Believed you could use a system of positive and negative reinforcements to affect voluntary behavior
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Increasing the likelihood behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Increasing the likelihood behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as not having to do dishes after success on a test. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior ex. speeding ticket
the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring ex. grounded
Something that is naturally reinforcing, such as food (if you were hungry), warmth (if you were cold), and water (if you were thirsty).
Something that you have learned to value, like money.
Reinforcement after a set number of responses. ex. coffee punch cards
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses ex. gambling
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed ex. mail arriving at the same time each day
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
-punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten -teach fear -increasing aggression as a way to deal with problems
the acquisition of behavior by watching others
detection of a stimulus via a sensory system
yes
the cognitive/psychological interpretation of the sensation
yes
Perception
Perceptions
sensation w/o perception
the process of converting energy from one form to another to deliver information to the brain
1. Stimulus energy 2. sensory receptors 3. neural impulse 4. brain (audio, visual, olfactory areas)
the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception ex. learning to read by processing individual letters
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole ex. blotch tests
study of the relationship between stimuli and the sensations/perceptions the evoke (Gustav Fechner studied these thresholds)
minimum amount of stimulus necessary to detect it
the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli
when we are exposed to a stimulus repeatedly, the nerve cells fire less frequently -sometime when we are told what scent were smelling, that affect our perception -Adapting to sight changes is harder
the distance between two peaks determines the hue/color The wavelength is the sensation perception is the hue
determines brightness (high amplitude is high intensity color (aka brightness)
light enters through the cornea which bends light, then passes through the pupil, the lense finishes the task
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster, for focus
contains rods and cones (blue, green and red cones)
color vision
Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray
the theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color stage 1 of 2
3 sets of opponent retinal processes, red-green, yellow-blue, white-black, we see this in afterimages stage 2 of 2
the perception of figures against a background
we group things together that are close to each other
we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
we fill in gaps to create a complex, whole object
depth cues that utilize both eyes
the two retinas give us slightly different views of our world
depth cues available to either eye alone
1. occlusion-interposition- obstructed views 2. relative height -field of vision 3. relative size- how much space is an object taking up in our retinas 4. linear perspective- lines converging in the distance 5. lighting and shadow- we assume that light comes from above/reflection
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
pitch, measured in Hz. -low frequency=low pitch -human range (20-20,000 Hz) above this range=ultrasound below=intrasound -may be experienced as a vibration rather than a sound
High amplitude sound wave = loud, low amplitude = quiet
-some parts of the body are more sensitive than others because there's more space devoted to them in the sensory cortex -this is called cortical magnification -not a chemical sense
certain tastes might be associated with certain warning signals -all tastes can be detected on all areas of the tongue -thresholds differ for different taste qualities -genetics can influence taste detection taste aversion has an evolutionary base ( getting sick after eating something once makes you never want to eat It again)
also a chemical sense like taste includes receptors, chemical sense evolutionary stance
the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well
encoding, storage, retrieval
the processing of information into the memory system
Shallow processing: rehearse info based on superficial characteristics Deep processing: rehearse info based on meaningful characteristics
holding on to information (don't include working memory in their model)
persistence of sound after presentation of an auditory stimulus, lasts for a few seconds, large capacity with short duration, with iconic bing one sec and echoic being a few secs
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten (Miller number is 7 +/- 2)
a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years
1. Explicit (Conscious)- can be experienced events or knowledge and concepts 2. Implicit (Unconscious)- can be skills/procedures or emotional conditioning
Process of recalling stored information.
Free Recall: Retrieving information from memory in any order without prompts (e.g., answering an essay question or recalling a grocery list). Cued Recall: Using prompts, hints, or cues to help trigger the retrieval of specific information (e.g., fill-in-the-blank test). Serial Recall: Recalling information in the specific order it was presented (e.g., remembering a phone number
Familiarity-Based Recognition: Recognizing that an object or event has been encountered before, but not necessarily remembering the context. Recollection-Based Recognition: Identifying the item and remembering specific details about when or where it was encountered
relearning
some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories
in limbic system (emotional processing), communicates with cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, plays a key role in releasing stress related hormones during highly emotional experiences -animal lesions in amygdala shows that animals don't learn of avoidance response in fear conditioning
long-term memory
removal of hippocampus, could not commit anything to long term memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
forms and stores memories created by classical conditioning
technique of comparing later memories to memories collected immediately after the event
reconstructive
Source amnesia: we tell a friend a story and they remind us that they were the ones who told us that story first -deja vu Forgetting
encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure
old info interfering
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information