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Mineral Cleavage: poor Fracture: uneven Ferromagnesian? No Hardness: 1 (softest mineral) How to ID: very soft, soapy feel, white/greenish
Mineral Cleavage: poor Fracture: uneven Ferromagnesian? No Hardness: 1.5-2 Special: bright yellow, smells like rotten eggs How to ID: yellow + soft + odor
Mineral Cleavage: 2 directions at ~90° Fracture: uneven Ferromagnesian? Yes Hardness: 5-6 How to ID: dark green/black blocky crystals
Mineral Cleavage: none Fracture: uneven Ferromagnesian? No Hardness: variable Special: red‑brown streak How to ID: streak is ALWAYS red‑brown, even if metallic silver
Mineral Cleavage: 1 perfect direction Fracture: none Ferromagnesian? Yes (dark mica) Hardness: 2.5-3 How to ID: black flexible sheets
Mineral Cleavage: poor Fracture: conchoidal/uneven Ferromagnesian? Yes Hardness: 6.5-7 How to ID: olive‑green, sugary texture
Mineral Cleavage: 3 directions at 90° (cubic) Fracture: none Ferromagnesian? No Hardness: 2.5 Special: very heavy (high density) How to ID: metallic silver cubes + very dense
Mineral Cleavage: 1 perfect direction (thin sheets) Fracture: none Ferromagnesian? No Hardness: 2-2.5 How to ID: clear/silvery flexible sheets
Mineral Cleavage: 2 directions at 90° Fracture: none Ferromagnesian? No Hardness: 6 Special: pink color common How to ID: pink blocky mineral with 2 cleavages
Mineral Cleavage: 2 directions not at 90° (~60°/120°) Fracture: uneven Ferromagnesian? Yes Hardness: 5-6 How to ID: long black needle‑like crystals, shiny
Mineral Cleavage: none Fracture: uneven Ferromagnesian? Yes (dark Fe‑rich mineral) Hardness: 5.5-6 Special: magnetic How to ID: black, magnetic, heavy
Mineral Cleavage: none Fracture: conchoidal Ferromagnesian? No Hardness: 7 (scratches glass easily) How to ID: glassy, hard, no cleavage
Mineral Cleavage: none Fracture: uneven Ferromagnesian? No Hardness: 6-6.5 Special: metallic gold color ("fool's gold") How to ID: brassy gold cubes
Mineral Cleavage: 1 good direction Fracture: uneven Ferromagnesian? No Hardness: 2 (fingernail scratches it) How to ID: very soft, silky/pearly, white/clear
Igneous Identification: Aphanitic, light gray/pink, fine‑grained felsic version of granite. Origin: Extrusive. Composition: Felsic.
Igneous Identification: Dark basalt with many gas bubbles (vesicles), heavier than pumice. Origin: Extrusive. Composition: Mafic.
Igneous Identification: Phaneritic, dark coarse‑grained, visible black/green mafic minerals. Origin: Intrusive. Composition: Mafic.
Igneous Identification: Pegmatitic texture (crystals >1 cm), black + white giant crystals, salt‑and‑pepper look. Origin: Intrusive (cooled very slowly underground). Composition: Intermediate.
sedimentary Identification: Rounded pebbles in matrix. Type: Clastic. Grain Size: Gravel (>2 mm). Composition: Rock fragments.
sedimentary Identification: Soft, brown, visible plant material. Type: Biochemical (plant‑derived). Grain Size: Plant fragments. Composition: Organic carbon.
sedimentary Identification: Dull brown‑black coal; layered; lightweight. Type: Biochemical. Grain Size: Compressed plant material. Composition: Organic carbon.
sedimentary Identification: Tiny spherical ooids (<2 mm) that look like fish eggs. Type: Chemical. Grain Size: Ooids. Composition: Calcite.
sedimentary Identification: Cubic crystals, clear/white, salty taste. Type: Chemical. Grain Size: Crystalline. Composition: Halite.
Sedimentary Identification: Soft (scratch with fingernail), white/pink, sugary texture. Type: Chemical. Grain Size: Microcrystalline. Composition: Gypsum.
sedimentary Identification: Black, shiny, lightweight; may show layering. Type: Biochemical. Grain Size: Highly compacted plant carbon. Composition: Carbon.
sedmentary Identification: Very smooth, dull limestone; no visible grains; reacts with acid. Type: Chemical or biochemical. Grain Size: Microcrystalline. Composition: Calcite.
sedimentary Identification: Pinkish sandstone with visible feldspar grains. Type: Clastic. Grain Size: Sand. Composition: Quartz + potassium feldspar.
METAMORPHIC Parent rock: shale; Foliation: flat, dull; Grade: low; Recognition: thin sheets; dull surface.
METAMORPHIC Parent rock: shale; Foliation: wavy, shiny; Grade: low-medium; Recognition: silky sheen.
METAMORPHIC Parent rock: shale; Foliation: scaly; Grade: medium-high; Recognition: sparkly mica flakes.
METAMORPHIC Parent rock: granite or shale; Foliation: banded (light/dark stripes); Grade: high; Recognition: zebra‑striped.
METAMORPHIC Parent rock: limestone; Texture: non‑foliated; Recognition: reacts with acid; softer than quartzite.
METAMORPHIC Parent rock: sandstone; Texture: non‑foliated; Recognition: very hard; scratches glass; sugary texture.
metamorphic Foliation: Non‑foliated. Grade: High. Parent Rock: Bituminous coal. Identification: Black, shiny, lightweight, conchoidal fracture.
METAMORPHIC Parent rock: basalt; Texture: non‑foliated; Recognition: green + red garnet crystals.
metamorphic Foliation: Non‑foliated (may be weakly foliated). Grade: Low-medium (hydrothermal metamorphism). Parent Rock: Peridotite (ultramafic rock). Identification: Green, waxy, slippery feel.
metamorphic Foliation: May be foliated (stretched pebbles) or non‑foliated. Grade: Low-medium. Parent Rock: Conglomerate. Identification: Pebbles appear flattened or stretched.